Year 11 ATAR Human Biology Unit 1

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Golgi body

Modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles for secretion from the cell

Cell membrane

Determines which substances get into and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

The jellylike material that makes up much of a cell inside the cell membrane

Centrioles

Involved in the reproduction of the cell (mitosis)

Endoplasmic reticulum

Provides a surface on which chemical reactions can occur

Made of lipid molecules and associated proteins

Ribosomes

The cell structures that make proteins

Amino acids are joined at the ____ to make proteins

Cytoskeleton

Gives the cell it's shape because of microfilaments and microtubules in it that assists with movement of materials, organelle or the whole cell

Lysosomes

Small spheres that contain enzymes that break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acid and some carbohydrates

Breaks down materials taken into the cell or breaks down worn out organelles

Nucleus

Is the "brain" of the cell

Mitochondria

Releases energy for the cell through respiration

Differentially permeable

Certain ions and molecules can pass through the cell membrane

Active process

Process that requires the cell's energy

Passive process

Cell's energy from respiration doesn't have to be used

Diffusion

A passive process resulting from the random movement of ions and molecules

Osmosis

A passive, special case of diffusion where water crosses across the membrane

Carrier-mediated transport

A process that requires special proteins in the cell membrane

Vesicular transport

A process in which materials are moved in membrane bound sacs

Endocytosis

Taking liquids or solids into cell by vesicular transport

Exocytosis

When contents of a vesicle are passed to the outside

Tissues

The second structural level

Organs

The third structural level

System

Highest structural level

Epithelial tissue

A covering or lining tissue

Connective tissue

Provides support for the body and helps to hold all body parts together

Muscular tissue

Log and thin, often called muscle fibres

Nervous tissue

Tissue made up of neurons

Organic compounds

Large molecules that always contain the element carbon

Inorganic compounds

Inorganic minerals that don't contain carbon or if they do they have small molecules

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that take place in cells and the system of which the cells are a part

Catabolism

When large molecules are broken down into smaller ones

Anabolism

When small molecules are built up to larger ones

Cellular respiration

The process by which organic molecules are broken down to provide and release energy for the cell's activity

Adenosine triphosphate

The remaining energy from cellular respiration is used to form a compound called _ ___

Aerobic respiration

Respiration requiring oxygen

Anaerobic respiration

The production of lactic acid from glucose

Muscle pain

Caused by the lactic acid produced for anaerobic respiration

Enzymes

Proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place at a normal body temperature

Enzymes

Without them, reactions would be too slow for body

Activation energy

Energy needed to get chemical reaction started

Substrate

Molecules on which an enzyme acts

Water

The fluid in which other molecules are dissolved

Carbohydrates

The main source of energy for cells

Lipids

Broken down to fatty acids and glycerol

Proteins

Broken down into amino acids

Minerals

Nutrient important for metabolism

Vitamins

Nutrients that act as co-enzymes for many of the chemical reactions of metabolism

The respiratory system

The system that ensures the body has a constant supply of oxygen and that carbon dioxide is continually removed from cells

Pharynx

Air from nasal cavity passes through here

Nasal cavity

Contains projections that increase the internal surface area

Epiglottis

Little flap of tissue that closes off trachea so food and liquids cannot enter lungs, preventing choking

Bronchi

Two primary _____ branch from the trachea: then divides into secondary and tertiary _____

Bronchioles

Very fine tubes with walls of smooth muscle

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs that make up most of the lung

Diaphragm

Separates chest from abdomen, contracts and flattens downwards thereby increasing the volume of chest cavity, and lungs, when breathing in

The lungs

Covered by a pleural membrane that also lines the inside of the chest

Intercostal muscle

Muscles between the ribs

Ribs

Forms the framework for the chest

Trachea

Main tube that carries air to and from lungs

Larynx

The organ of voice

Inspiration

Taking air into the lungs

Inspired air

Has higher levels of oxygen compared to expired air

Expired air

Has higher levels of carbon dioxide compared to inspired air

Concentration gradient

A difference in gas concentration between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries

Asthma

An allergic reaction to foreign substances that enter the body

Emphysema

A disease usually caused by long-term exposure to irritating particles in the air

Lung cancer

Involves development of tumor - mass of cells that divide in uncontrolled way

Blood

Made up of a liquid called plasma and cells or cell fragments are known as the forced elements

Leucocytes (white blood cells)

Blood cells larger but in fewer number than erythrocytes

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Biconcave disks with no nucleus

Thromocytes (platelets)

Small cell fragments with no nucleus

Plasma

Makes up 55% of blood volume

Haemoglobin

A substance that can combine with oxygen that turns red giving the blood it's red colour

Carbon dioxide

8% dissolved in plasma

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Carry blood towards the heart

Capillaries

Tiny vessels that carry blood between the cells

Pulmonary arteries

The only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

Pulmonary veins

Brings oxygenated blood to the heart

Systole

1st phase of blood pumping in heart - Pumping phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts

Diastole

2nd phase of blood pumping in heart - Filling phase of the cardiac cycle as the heart muscle relaxes

Atrial systole

3rd phase of blood pumping in heart - The contraction of the atria that then follows and forces the remaining blood into the ventricles

Ventricular systole

4th phase of blood pumping in heart - The atria now relax and refill while the ventricles contract in

Platelets

Small cell fragments with no nucleus - about 1/3 the size of an erythrocyte

Blood clotting

Needed for more serious injuries

Phagocytosis

A process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or ingulf other cells of parasites

Macrophages

Large phagocytic cells that destroy bakers caught in the meshwork of fibres as the lymph flows through the spaces in the nodes

The lymphatic system

Main function is to collect some of the fluid that escapes from the blood capillaries and return it to the circulatory system

Lymph vessels

Originate as blind-ended tubes in the spaces between the cells of most tissue

Lymph nodes

Small structure; interlude along the lymphatic vessel. Filter

Antigen

A substance that is capable of stimulating the formation of a specific protein called an antibody

Antibody

Produced in response to an antigen and are able to combine with the antigen that initiated the response

Whole blood

Has a chemical added to prevent clotting

Red blood cell concentrates

The most widely used component of blood

Platelet concentrates

Given to patients with abnormal platelets or a reduced number of platelets

Immoglobins

A group of proteins that act as antibodies

Ventilation

Air moving in and out of the lungs from higher pressure to lower pressure

Pneumonia

Infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or other organisms where the alveoli fill with pus and may become solid