Year 11 ATAR Human Biology Unit 1

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Golgi body

Modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles for secretion from the cell

Cell membrane

Determines which substances get into and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

The jellylike material that makes up much of a cell inside the cell membrane

Centrioles

Involved in the reproduction of the cell (mitosis)

Endoplasmic reticulum

Provides a surface on which chemical reactions can occur

Made of lipid molecules and associated proteins

Ribosomes

The cell structures that make proteins

Amino acids are joined at the ____ to make proteins

Cytoskeleton

Gives the cell it's shape because of microfilaments and microtubules in it that assists with movement of materials, organelle or the whole cell

Lysosomes

Small spheres that contain enzymes that break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acid and some carbohydrates

Breaks down materials taken into the cell or breaks down worn out organelles

Nucleus

Is the "brain" of the cell

• Contains genetic material

• Controls the cell

Mitochondria

Releases energy for the cell through respiration

Called the 'powerhouse of the cell'

Differentially permeable

Certain ions and molecules can pass through the cell membrane

Active process

Process that requires the cell's energy

Passive process

Cell's energy from respiration doesn't have to be used

Diffusion

A passive process resulting from the random movement of ions and molecules

Osmosis

A passive, special case of diffusion where water crosses across the membrane

Carrier-mediated transport

A process that requires special proteins in the cell membrane

May be passive or active depending on nature of mechanism

Vesicular transport

A process in which materials are moved in membrane bound sacs

Is an active process

Endocytosis

Taking liquids or solids into cell by vesicular transport

Exocytosis

When contents of a vesicle are passed to the outside

Tissues

The second structural level

Groups of muscles cells make up muscle, groups of nerve cells make up nerves and groups of organ cells make up organs

Organs

The third structural level

Different tissues work together to form organs

Made up of two or more tissues

System

Highest structural level

A group of organs that work together for a common purpose

Epithelial tissue

A covering or lining tissue

• Organs like the kidneys, heart, intestines and lungs are lines with epithelium

• Also lines inside of organs

Connective tissue

Provides support for the body and helps to hold all body parts together

The cells are not close together

• Separated from each other by large amounts of material that is not made of cells called matrix

Muscular tissue

Log and thin, often called muscle fibres

Able to respond to a stimulus by becoming shorter

Three types

• Skeletal muscle

• Involuntary muscle

• Cardiac muscle

Nervous tissue

Made up of nuerons

• Found in the brain, spinal cord and the nerves

Organic compounds

Large molecules that always contain the element carbon

Inorganic compounds

Inorganic minerals don't contain carbon or if they do they have small molecules

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that take place in cells and the system of which the cells are a part

Catabolism

When large molecules are broken down into smaller ones

Anabolism

When small molecules are built up to larger ones

Cellular respiration

The process by which organic molecules are broken down to provide and release energy for the cell's activity

Adenosine triphosphate

The remaining energy from cellular respiration is used to form a compound called _ ___

• ATP is formed when an inorganic phosphate group is joined to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate

Aerobic respiration

Respiration requiring oxygen

The pyruvic acid produced from glycosides is completed broken down to carbon dioxide and water

Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell

Anaerobic respiration

The production of lactic acid from glucose

Meaning respiration without oxygen

Muscle pain

Caused by the lactic acid produced for anaerobic respiration

Enzymes

Proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place at a normal body temperature

Without them, reactions would be too slow for body

Activation energy

Energy needed to get chemical reaction started

Enzymes reduce the activation energy needed to begin a reaction

• Thus, when reactions occur they can at body temperature

Substrate

Molecules on which an enzyme acts

Each enzyme will only combine with one particular substrate

• Due to their complementary characteristics to each other

Water

The fluid in which other molecules are dissolved

Carbohydrates

The main source of energy for cells

Complex carbs --> simple sugars --> broken down in cellular respiration to release energy

Lipids

Broken down to fatty acids and glycerol

Proteins

Broken down into amino acids

• Most important proteins are enzymes

Minerals

Important for metabolism

May be part of enzymes, may function as co-factors or may be part of substrates like ATP

Vitamins

Act as co-enzymes for many of the chemical reactions of metabolism

The respiratory system

The system that ensures the body has a constant supply of oxygen and that carbon dioxide is continually removed from cells

Pharynx

Air from nasal cavity passes through here

Nasal cavity

Contains projections that increase the internal surface area

• Filters, warms and moistens air before it enters the lungs

• Contains small sensor, acts as resonating chamber for speech sounds

Epiglottis

Little flap of tissue that closes off trachea so food and liquids cannot enter lungs, preventing choking

Bronchi

Two primary bronchi branch from the trachea: then divides into secondary and tertiary bronchi

Bronchioles

Very fine tubes with walls of smooth muscle

• Finest end in group sacs: alveoli

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs that make up most of the lung

• Well supplied with blood capillaries for the exchange of oxygen and CO2

Diaphragm

Separates chest from abdomen, contracts and flattens downwards thereby increasing the volume of chest cavity, and lungs, when breathing in

The lungs

Covered by a pleural membrane that also lines the inside of the chest

• Pleural fluid between the two layers holds the lungs against the inside of the chest

Intercostal muscle

Muscles between the ribs

• Moves ribcage upwards and outwards to increase volume of the chest and thus the lungs

Ribs

Forms the framework for the chest

Trachea

Carries air to and from lungs

Lined with mucous membrane and cells with cilia

• Cilia beats to move mucus and trapped particles upwards

Larynx

The organ of voice