IB unit 1 global politics key terms

power

power

the ability to influence others behavior to get the desired outcome

nationalisme

they don’t want to be ruled/concerd by other states

Brics

Brazil, Russia, India, china, South Africa

hard power

the ability to influence other to get the desired outcome based on force

smart power

combination of soft and hard power

relational power

the use of existing relations in global politics to influence the behavior of others and et the desired outcome

Compellence

making someone do what they other wise would not have done

deterrence

preventing someone from doing something they would of other wise have done

Example relational power

EU import ban on Russian oil, 2022 5 December, sanctions

Structual power

the use of established structures in the international system to get the desired outcome.

power as capability/possesion

is very closely linked to national power

national power

military power, economic power, population, geography

bipolarity

2 states of equal power

multipolarity + examples

multiple countries that have the same poer capability. BRICKS

global hegemony not significant (4 )

1. reductant military power

2. relatie economic decline

3. damage soft power

4. decline diplomatic influence

Globalisation

we live in an interconnected and interdependent world

regional & global governance

EU and UN

unilateral

acting alone

multilateral

acting in cohort

Realism (5)

1. politics is about power

2. states operate in anarchy

3. states posses offensive military capability

4. states never know the intentions of other states

5. the main goal is to survive

offensive military capability

they have military that can attack if they want

structuur and neorealism realism

states strive for power because of the way how the international system is structured

classical realsim

states strive for power because human nature makes us strive for power

offensive realism

states want as much power as possible. Hegemony is the goal

defensive realism

approperiate amount of power. Pursuing of hegemony is foolish

balacancial coalitions (+ example)

groups bonding against a state. Eu and import ban on Russia , 2022 5 December

liberalism

states are interdependent and interconnected

complex interdependence (3)

1. multiple channels: NGOs, IGOs, MNCs

2. multiple issues: pandamice, climate change

3. decline in use and effectiveness of military power

sovereignty

the ability of a state to rule itself

internal sovereignty

the ability of a state to exert legitimate control over population and managing it affairs independently

external sovereignty

States are recognized as independent and sovereign by other states

examples of states that have internal sovereignty but nor external sovereignty

Kosovo, Taiwan, Pakistan

statehood

the ability to be recognized as independed and sovereign state

Constitutive theory of statehood

a state is only a subject in international law if it is recognized as sovereign by other states

declarative theorie of state hood

a state is an subject in international law if it:

1. a defined territory

2. a permanent population

3. a government

4. the ability to enter in international relations with other states

Kosovo case study

Feb 2008, unilateral declaration of Independence

July 2010, the international court of justice declared that Kosovos declaration of Independence did to violate general international law

sep 2020 101 of the 193/52% UN members recognized Kosovo.

ISIS case study

2014, dissovolving borders, syria and irak. Created the islamic caliphate

Introduced own laws and regulations:own tax system, (christian tax)

legitimacy

act or action commonly considered acceptable, both from intern legitimacy and extern legitimacy

legitimacy of state power

1. traditional authority

2. charismatic authority

3. legal rational authority

democracy (+example)

free and fair elections, Norway 100/100 according to freedom house 2022

authoritarian state (+ example)

no free and fair elections, china 9/100 according to freedom house 2022

fragile state

defining feature is weak internal sovereignty

federal state

one central government , substates have own regulations

unitarystates

one central government

world order

the order of distribution of power between states

power duffiosion

power goes from state to non state actor

power transitioning

power goes from one state to another

realism view on sovereignty

sovereignty as absolute, nothing should dare to challenge Westphalian sovereignty

what challenges states sovereignty (3)

1. international intervention (resolution 1973 2011 lybia)

is sovereignty being eroded?

1. rise in IGOs

2. international conventions

3. terrorist groups

4. econome globalisation (economic IGOs and MNCs)

TNC

legitimacy

act ore action commonly seen as acceptable, both form international legitimacy and external legitimacy

legitimacy of state power

1. traditional authority, authority derived from tradition

2. charismatic authority, authority derived from persona of leader

3. Legal rational authority

legitimacy of non state actors

1. representativeness

2. efficiency

3. mean of everting influence

NGOs significant (yes)

1. raise awareness

2. alle to influence policy true lobbying

3. important in democarcy, represent what people want

NGOs insignificant

1. lack of military and economic power

2. NGOs are depended on will of state

one party system +

political stability, effieciency in decision taking

two party system +

political stability stability consistency two choices

multi party system +

diverse representations flexibility & adaptability

multi party system short comings (example )

coalition challenges, house represenatative elections in 2023 nov 22, forming of a coalition still ongoing

global governance

ways in wich states organize themselves and take shared challenge above national level

3 examples shared challenges

1. wars

2. climate change

3. WTO

cooperation (5)

1. Treaties

2. collective security

3. Strategic alliances

4. economic cooperation

5. informal formals

treaties example

paris agreement

collective security example

NATO

economic cooperation examples

united states- Mexico and panda agreement

informal cooperation example

cultural exchange, Chinese culture estabished 2004

trade unions

organization of workers who intent to maintain ore improving the conditions of their employment

informal forums

informal grouping of states that meet annually to coordinate global economic policy and address other transnational issues

informal forum example

G7: canada, france, germany, italy, japan, UK, VS

social movements

an organized effort to change laws, policies or practices by people who don’t have the power to do so through usual channels

social movements significant (4)

1. raise awareness about social issues

2. put dormit issues back on political agaenda

3. put pressure on government for new legislation

4. spart similair movements elsewere

resistance movements

an organized group of people that tries to resist the government or an occupying power

resistance movement examples (3)

1. Arab spring 2010

2. Euromaidan revolution

3. orange revolution 2004-2005

global governance

the way in wich states organise themselves and make agreements and tackle shared chalanges

violentprotest movements

1. hezbollah present in politics Sinds 2005

2. Farc ended in 2016, 2010 peace agreement

gridlock politics

were passing of laws of regulation is stuck