Practical 1 - Plant Lab

monocot root cross-section

- carrion flower root cross-section

- vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) that are arranged in a circular pattern around the pith

dicot root cross-section

- buttercup root cross-section

- xylem is located in the middle of the root in an x-shape, and the phloem is arranged around it surrounded by vascular cambium

- usually do not have pith

root anatomy

- area of maturation

- area of elongation

- area of cell division

- root cap

- root hair

- apical meristem

area of maturation (root anatomy)

- cells differentiate

- cells closer to the center of the root will specialize for transport function (xylem & phloem)

- cells closer to the outside function as protection, forming the epidermis

area of elongation (root anatomy)

- cells expand in size, lengthening the root

- cells still remain undifferentiated in this region

area of cell division (root anatomy)

- contains apical meristem

- cells in this region are undergoing mitosis

- root grows in length --> known as primary growth

root cap (root anatomy)

- composed of parenchyma cells that protect the root from physical damage

- secretes mucilage that allows the root to grow through the rocky or hard surface of the soil

monocot stem cell

scattered vascular bundles throughout the ground tissue

dicot stem cell

vascular bundles arranged in a ring

stem anatomy

- dermal tissue

- vascular tissue

- ground tissue

dermal tissue (stem anatomy)

epidermis is the primary component, protects underlying tissues of the plant

vascular tissue (stem anatomy)

carries water and nutrients through stem with the xylem and phloem, which are structured in vascular bundles

xylem

vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients from the roots up the stem to other parts of the plant (colored as red)

phloem

vascular tissue that brings sugar and amino acids from the photosynthetic site to other parts of the plant (colored as blue)

ground tissue (stem anatomy)

composed of the pith and the cortex, helps provide support to the stem

pith

ground tissue near the the vascular tissue

cortex

tissue between the vascular tissue and epidermis

stem anatomy - cell types

- sclerenchyma cells

- parenchyma cells

- collenchyma cells

sclerenchyma cells

- responsible for structural support for the plant

- at maturity the cells are dead

parenchyma cells

most common, responsible for the metabolic functions that occur in the plant (primarily photosynthesis)

collenchyma cells

- responsible for providing structural support to the stem

- generally found right below the epidermis

- at maturity the cells are alive

woody stem cells

usually only dicots have this type of stem, since monocots lack vascular cambium

in woody plants, stems increase in girth due to ______

secondary growth

in woody stems, _______ are responsible for secondary growth

lateral meristems

The __________ is a cylinder of the meristematic tissue in woody stems and is responsible for producing __________ and __________

vascular cambium, secondary xylem, secondary phloem

As the trunk of the plant increases size, the ______ produces new dermal tissue to support the expansion

cork cambium

monocot leaf cross-section

dicot leaf cross-section

leaf anatomy

- upper epidermis

- lower epidermis

- palisade mesophyll

- spongy mesophyll

- xylem

- phloem

upper epidermis (leaf anatomy)

responsible for protection, often lacks chloroplasts

lower epidermis (leaf anatomy)

- responsible for protection, often lacks chloroplasts

- contains stoma (small cells) that is responsible for air exchange and transpiration

palisade mesophyll (leaf anatomy)

cells carry out photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll

spongy mesophyll (leaf anatomy)

- can photosynthesize

- help transport sugar produced from palisade mesophyll to vascular bundles

vascular bundle (leaf anatomy)

cells around xylem and phloem that transport water, minerals and nutrients through the plant

flower anatomy

- stamen

- anther

- filament

- carpal

- stigma

- style

- ovary

- ovule

- receptacle

- sepal

- petal

monocot flowers

- seed: one cotyledon

- root: fibrous

- vascular: scattered

- leaf: parallel veins

- flower: multiples of 3

eudicot flowers

- seed: two cotyledon

- root: tap

- vascular: ringed

- leaf: net-like veins

- flower: multiples of 4 or 5

the female reproductive structure of the flower that develops into fruit is the ______

ovary

Post-pollination, the _____ is formed, which fruit tissue from the ovary that will surround the seeds

pericarp

As the fruit matures, the _____, which originally contained the eggs in the flower, will develop into seeds

ovule

fruit is defined as structures derived from _____

pericarp

Pericarp can be fleshy or hard which determines whether fruit is __________ or ___________.

fleshy, dry

aggregate (fruit)

develops from many carpels on the same flower, looks visibly like a congregation of many mini fruit

pome (fruit)

consists of a core containing many seeds, and the core is surrounded by edible fleshy layer

berry (fruit)

a fruit that is entirely fleshy and contains one or more seeds

drupe (fruit)

forms a hard outer layer around the seed, but the pericarp can be fleshy or dry

pod (fruit)

pericarp that is dry and splits into 2, generally has seeds that line up in row

tomato

berry, fleshy

apple

pome, fleshy

strawberry

aggregate/berry, fleshy

olive

drupe, fleshy

snap pea

pod, dry

deadly nightshade medical compound in plant

atropine

deadly nightshade effect on human body

expansion of pupil (in eye)

deadly nightshade medical application

to open (dilate) patient's pupils during an eye exam

yam species medicinal compound in plant

diosgenin

yam species effect on human body

- allows production of progesterone

- certain level of progesterone stops ovulation

yam species medical application

birth control pills

opium poppy medicinal compound in plant

morphine

opium poppy effect on human body

binds to nerve cells --> prevents signals of pain perception

opium poppy medical application

effective pain reliever