Integration of Metabolism Cell Signaling

Last Exam 3 topic Principles of Biochemistry

How do the different cycles of metabolic reactions communicate with each other

intercellular communication

What type of signals are used to allow intercellular communication to occur

chemical

what are the “unique” receptors on each cell known as

hormone responsiveness

which messenger activates the intracellular response

first

which messenger is called the effector molecule that changes its concentration depending in the external signal from another messenger

second

what is an example of a secondary messenger

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

what is an example of a secondary messenger

cyclic GMP (cGMP)

_______ is activated in response to low blood sugar

glucagon

This enzyme stimulates glycogen degradation and inhibits glycogen synthesis

glucagon

_____ is released in response to high glucose levels

insulin

____ is a peptide hormone

insulin

what two components regulate blood glucose levels

glucagan and insulin

____ is released from alpha- cells in pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels

glucagin

____ signals that blood glucose is high causing excess glucose to be taken up from the blood and converted to glycogen and triacylglycerol

insulin

____ signals that blood glucose is low causing glucose to be released due to the breakdown of glycogen or via gluconeogenesis

glucagon

what are some symptoms of diabetes

high glucose levels in blood, glucose in urine, and excess thirst/ urination

this type of diabetes in insulin dependent cause by a deficiency in the production of insulin

Type l Diabetes

this type of diabetes is non insulin dependent: insulin is produced but the (receptors) insulin response system is defective

Type ll Diabetes

excessive excretion of sweet urine

diabetes mellitus

WHat is the main organ that regulates glucose supply

liver

this cycle allows muscle to obtain energy from the liver in the form of glucose

glucose-alanine

extremely active muscles use _____ as an energy source to generate lactate via glycolysis

glycogen

muscles convert ____ to ____

glucose: lactate

The liver converts ____ to ____

lactate to glucose