section 3: Changing Attitudes & Values

\n Q: How did the industrial revolution impact the social order?

A: The industrial revolution brought about significant changes in the social order, leading to the emergence of a more complex social structure.

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Q: What were the three main social classes that emerged during this time?

A: The three main social classes that emerged were the elite (including aristocrats, business families, and nobles), the middle class (consisting of doctors, scientists, etc.), and the lower middle class (comprising teachers and office workers).

Q: What was the role of etiquette in the middle class society?

A: Etiquette governed social behavior in the middle class society, providing guidelines for various aspects such as dressing, hosting dinner parties, answering social calls, letter-writing, and mourning periods.

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Q: What were the expectations placed on women in the ideal home?

A: In the ideal home, women were expected to take care of the household, manage servants, and engage in religious or philanthropic work. They were also expected to possess qualities such as kindness, gentleness, and selflessness.

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Q: What was the cult of domesticity?

A: The cult of domesticity idealized the role of women and the home, emphasizing their importance in maintaining a harmonious and moral household. Women from the working class often worked as domestic helpers or in low-wage jobs in garment factories.

Q: What were some of the key issues advocated for by women in terms of rights?

A: Women advocated for equal treatment under laws related to marriage, divorce, and property ownership. They also participated in movements such as the temperance movement, which aimed to limit or prohibit the consumption of alcoholic drinks.

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Q: Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton and what did she advocate for?

A: Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a prominent figure in the women's suffrage movement. She initially fought against slavery before advocating for women's rights and played a significant role in the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848.

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Q: When and where did the request for women's suffrage occur?

A: The request for women's suffrage was made at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Q: What were some arguments used by opponents of women's suffrage?

A: Opponents of women's suffrage argued that women were too emotional to vote and should focus on domestic duties rather than political involvement.

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Q: Which was the first state to grant women the right to vote in the United States?

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A: Wyoming was the first state to allow women to vote.

Q: What were the key elements of public education reform during this time?

A: Public schools were established, and minimum education requirements were introduced for all children. The emphasis was on reading, writing, and arithmetic, known as the three R's. Punctuality, respect for authority, neat work habits, and patriotism were also taught.

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Q: What were Normal Schools and what did they provide training for?

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A: Normal Schools provided teacher training based on the most recent educational standards.

Q: How did higher education expand during this time?

A: University curricula expanded to include subjects like chemistry and physics alongside traditional areas of study like ancient history, languages, philosophy, religion, and law. A small number of women's colleges began to operate, but they faced opposition from male students.

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Q: Who established modern atomic theory and what did it demonstrate?

A: John Dalton, an English Quaker, established modern atomic theory, demonstrating that each element has a distinctive type of atom and how different types of atoms combine to form all chemical compounds.

Q: Who developed the first version of the periodic table?

A: Dmitri Mendeleyev, a Russian chemist, developed the first version of the periodic table.

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Q: How did Charles Lyell contribute to the understanding of the earth's age?

A: Charles Lyell presented evidence of the slow formation of the earth over millions of years in his book Principles of Geology.

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Q: How did the discovery of Neanderthal bones impact the debate about the origins of life on Earth?

A: The discovery of ancient Neanderthal bones in Germany provided new insights to the debate about the origins of life on Earth through archaeology.

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Q: What was Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection?

A: Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection proposed that species evolve over time through the process of natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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Q: How was Darwin's theory of natural selection used to justify social views?

A: Thinkers used Darwin's theory to justify social views, particularly the concept of survival of the fittest in situations such as war and economic competition, leading to the term "Social Darwinism." Social Darwinism was also used to support racist ideologies.

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Q: How did religion continue to hold influence in an urban age?

A: Religion continued to play a significant role in Western society, with religious figures shaping social, political, and academic progress. Catholic nuns and priests, for example, constructed schools and medical facilities in urban slums.