APUSH Unit 3: The Maturing Republic - Terms, Events, and People

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Jefferson Goals in Office

Wanted to not restrict freedoms, dismantle the federalist system, promote agrarianism, and reduce importance of national gov in life

Jefferson Beliefs

Believed Yeoman Farmers were basis of America, and wanted them to lead, was a strict constitutionalist and Anti-Federalist who advocated for limited government and individual liberties.

Louisiana Purchase

During Jefferson’s presidency, US secured lots of land after slaves had beaten french forces. Jefferson contradicted himself by exercising lots of power/not following constitution, buying up Louisiana territory

Lewis and Clark

Sent to explore land , find water route, and economically exploit it (via Indians) during Jefferson’s presidency after Louisiana Purchase. Were successful in all but finding water

Barbary Wars

Fought to protect American commerce in a cancerous world

Jefferson’s Embargo Act

Banned all US ships from sailing for foreign ports, similar to Intolerable Acts. Exports plummeted and the economy worsened, and it was also violated by many.

War Hawks

Younger Congressmen from West during Jefferson’s presidency who called for war with Britain; Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun

American Indian Relations War of 1812

Jefferson pursued a policy of Indian removal in west, Indians preached to each other → Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle for Tippecanoe

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa preached that whites were the source of all evil, and wanted to separate and resist. American forces destroyed the prophets town while Tecumseh was away.

War of 1812 Causes

Embargo Act, US being pulled into foreign relations, British impressment, the Declaration for War, national pride, and thinking Canada would join US

War of 1812 Big Ideas

“second war of independence”; US was underprepared, US defeated British a few times, Battle of New Orleans was the greatest American Victory w/Jackson leading

Treaty of Ghent

War ended, previous status quo restored, nothing much changed

Effects of War of 1812

Showed ability of US, made Jackson a hero, gave US land east of Mississippi, further separated US from old world and Canada, end of the Federalist Party

Market Revolution

Transformation where new tech in transport and communication arose; after, there was less self-sufficiency and more usage of markets, commercial farming, and rivers

Market Revolution Technologies

Steamboat, canal, railroad, and telegraph helped US to lower transport costs, connecting farmers to markets. Erie Canal allowed the flow of goods between Great Lakes and NYC. Railroads allowed for more settlement.

Ohio River Significance

Mared boundary between slave and free societies because of the Northwest Ordinance of 177 prohibiting slavery in the Old Northwest

Impacts of Market Revolution on Slaves

Cotton Gin revolutionized slavery, higher demand for cotton → cotton plantations, legalized slave trade

Economic Changes Market Society

Factory system had factories, Lowell Mills, and American System of Manufactures which mass produced interchangeable parts. Made women and children work, people relied on railroads, more closely supervised

Irish and German Immigration

Increased b/c of more jobs during Market Revolution. Irish came from family and had low-wage jobs, German came to West and were more skilled, established culture (also beer)

Nativism

Fearing the impacts of immigration and blaming immigrants; seeing them as a threat to society

Corporations

Arose during Maret Revolution, had special privileges and power from charters from gov/invested stakeholders; courts opposed efforts to limit competition from newcomers and defended charters and decisions

Manifest Destiny

The idea that the US had a divine mission to occupy all of North America

Westward Expansion Effects

Helped define freedom because people saw expanding as exercising freedom; economy of the West was economic freedom, no social classes, etc.

Transcendentalists

Group in NE who wanted individual judgement over traditions and existing institutions; ironic because market revolution discouraged self-sufficiency, contradicting the idea of the “sovereign individual”

Henry David Thoreau

Writer calling for self-reliance, believing people should appreciate nature more; less obsession with wealth and find freedom from within

Second Great Awakening

Period of religious revivals, added a religious aspect to self-reliance. Opened religion to mass participation and stressed individualism.

Mormons

Were different because they followed the Book of Mormon by Joseph Smith, were extremely controversial

Effects of Market Revolution on Free Blacks

Didn’t benefit as much, lived in poor/unhealthy areas; banned from certain places, and people didn’t hire them

Cult of Domesticity

Arose during Market Rev; women had a place in the home and contributed by creating a private environment away from economics

Effects of Market Revolution

Made it seem like only men did labor, worsened gap between social classes, encouraged an emphasis on individualism,among white men but limited women and blacks.

Andrew Jackson

Elected in 1828, Market revolution, westward movement, expansion of slavery, and growth of democracy occurred during his career; came from humble background and represented democratic opportunity

Property requirements to vote

Gone in all but one state by 1860b/c of oppositions and constitutional conventions, made personal independence rest on ownership of one’s self, not preoperty

Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America

Boo concluding that democracy was a culture that encouragedindividual involvement, equality, and initiative toward bettering society; democracy was a profound political transformation

Information Revolution

Expansion of the public sphere; increase in printing caused by market Revolution and political democracy, led to more newspapers and informed people

Infant Industries

New manufacturing enterprises from when trade with Britain was suspended after War of 1812; Republicans felt they deserved nat protection; felt agriculture could be complemented with manufacturing

Henry Clay’s American System

Had 3 pillars: new national bank, tariff on imports, and a new system of roads and canals. Internal improvements were most controversial; some felt they would divide US and some thought it was unconstitutional

2nd Bank of the US Issues

Had to make sure paper money from local banks had real value; often printed too much

Panic of 1819

US and Europe began trade again; PANIC! Effects: Bans asked for money back, bankruptcy and unemployment b/c people couldn’t pay, less political harmony

McCulloch v Maryland

John Marshall ruled that the Bank could pass tax laws under the constitution, going against the strict interpretation. States couldn’t tax the nat bank.

Era of Good Feelings

Occured during Monroe’s presidency, period of one party, almost unanimous vote for prez, and more political peace.

Missouri Compromise

Proposed by Jesse Thomas to accept Missouri as slave state and to make Maine a state for balance. Made slavery prohibited north of 3030’ for territory from LP

Similarities of Spanish-American and American revolutions

Both: mercantilism, same rights as those overseas, declarations. Different: Spanish were more divided, more countries, more destructive fights, didn’t develop as well economically, more democracy

Monroe Doctrine

3 principles: US would oppose further efforts at colonizing by Europe in the Americas, US wouldn’t be involved in European wars, Europe couldn’t interfere w/new south American nations; mad US dominant power in West

John Quincy Adams Beliefs

Voted in after Monroe, supported American System, wanted to grow commerce and influence in West. Felt proper domain of US was all of NA, wanted active national state, promoted ag, commerce, manufacturing, and the arts

Election Campaign of 1828

Jackson and Adams’ supporters both spread lots of rumors

Democrat beliefs

Wanted no gap between classes, hands-off approach to economy, no favoring established businessmen, supported entrepreneurs, farmers, and workingmen

Whig Beliefs

Liked American System, wanted tariffs and a national government; gov-promotic commerce. Strong in the NE, supported by established businessman, bankers, etc.

Spoils System

Rotation in office, making loyalty to gov a job qualification; caused by Jackson wanting gov positions to be open to all people, led to newspapers playing a larger roll in politics

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff was opposed by South Carolina, caused by raised taxes on imported goods during Jackson’s presidency and the battle over fed and state power. Led to more opposition in south b/c they though it helped the North; feared fed gov and eventual abolition

Nullification Crisis

Debate over whether states could nullify fed laws; Jackson claimed they couldn’t, Calhoun advocated for rights of states. Gave South a well-developed philosophy

Indian Removal Act

Uprooted civilized tribes under Jackson; saw Indians as uncivilized. Indians fought to stay, but John Marshall ruled that they didn’t own the land → Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears

Removal route for Indians; after Indians resisted moving, they were forced to go, with ¼ dying. Caused the Seminole wars and reinforced racial def of America

Bank War

Between Nicholas Biddle and Jackson. Jackson didn’t like banks but Biddle used the Bank to establish stable currency; Biddle convinced Congress to pass bill extending 2nd Bank’s charter, Jackson vetoed it

Bank War Effects

Enhanced power of the presidency by making Jackson representative of all people and showed how veto power was a major weapon; helped people over Congress, helped Jackson win re-eleciton

Pet Banks

Local banks where the money from the Bank was distributed (Jackson); missued soft money, making prices go up, and wages couldn’t keep up, so tons of land was sold

Panic of 1837 and effects

Caused by inflation collapsing, land was sold. Britain only accepted hard money and demand for US cotton went up. Prices fell, things failed. Van Buren had hard money branch and made money from local panks, which led to the Independent treasury and separated government and banking

Mass democratic politics

Meant that more people were able to vote in America, leading to more mass contribution to politics; more democratic

John Tyler

Succeeded William Henry Harrison as president, vetoed too many things, which led to people hating him. Essentially did nothing as president

First American Party System

Had Federalists, including Adams, Hamilton, and John Marshall, and Democratic Republicans, including Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe

Second American Party System

Whigs were wealthier and mostly in North: Quincy Adams, Harrison, Tyler, Taylor, and Fillmore, and Democrats were new, believed in Agrarianism, and were mostly in the south: Jackson, Van Buren, and Polk