nutrition learning outcome 1

SMALL INTESTINE - SUROSA

Surosa - outermost protective layer
Surosa - smooth membrane, thin layer of cells the secrete fluid

SMALL INTESTINE - MUSCULARIS

Muscularis - contraction, movement
Muscularis - has outer, longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle fibres

SMALL INTESTINE - SUBMUCOSA

Submucosa - loose surface, carrying nerves and vessels

Submucosa - supports the mucosa, allows it to be more flexible

SMALL INTESTINE - MUCOSA

Mucosa - the most inner layer covered in villi to increase surface area for nutrient absorption to be more effective
Mucosa - most inner layer with ring like folds called plicae. The folds are covered in tiny protruding shapes known as villi, they are finger like structures that increase surface area and are also covered in microvilli to further increase surface area

LAEGE INTESINE - SUROSA

Surosa - very very thin so it contains the muscularis
Surosa - contains the muscularis

;ARGE INTETSINE - MUSCULARIS

Muscularis - movement, small muscle fibres
Muscularis - made up of small muscle fibres

LARGE INTESINE - SUBMUCOSA

Submucosa - has patches lymphoid nodules to secret mucous for lubrication
Submucosa - also designed for lubrication purposes, secrete mucus for lubrication

LARGE INTESTINE - MUCOSA

Mucosa - secret mucus to lubricate faeces
Mucosa - contains goblet cells for lubrication secretion

STOMACH - SUROSA

Surosa - connective tissue, outermost protective layer, thin layer
Surosa - coats and protects organs from infection but not from impact

STOMACH - MUSCULARIS

Muscularis - contracts and moves food items around
Muscularis - thick muscles with a lot of muscle fibres allow for contraction and for a churning action to help mechanically breakdown food

STOMACH - SUBMUCOSA

Submucosa - where all your blood vessels are, this is where nutrients are absorbed
Submucosa - thin for absorption and blood vessels allow for absorption directly into the blood stream making it more efficient

STOMACH - MUCOSA

Mucosa - has deep enfolds and contains mucous cells
Mucosa - gastric pits (deep in-folds), this contains gastric glands are, they secrete mucus lining to protect the stomach from digesting itself. This is one of the thickest layers

List the 6 essential nutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water

describe the source and function of protein

energy, growth and repair, fish meat and eggs

describe the source and function of fats

energy, temp reg, insulation, meat, fish, dairy oils

describe the source and function of carbs

energy, maintain blood sugar levels, converts to fat, potatoes bread products and pasta

describe the source and function of vitamins

maintain growth and heath, survival, fat or water soluble, fruit and vegetables

describe the source and function of minerals

helps with normal body functions, fruit and veg

describe the source and function of water

metabolism, essential for most body functions, temp re, bodies of water and food

describe nutrition

the process of taking in food and using it for growth and repair
the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth
the essential dietary requirements that an animal takes form food and its environment that it needs to thrive and survive

what are the nutritional stages

ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, assimilation and excretion

describe a nutrient

a substance that is essential for life and nourishes that body

all nutrients are --- based

chemical

what nutrient is most important

water

what nutrient do you need in abundance

macro nutrients

what nutrient do you need less of

micro nutrients

different species will ----- the most important nutrient for there species when feeding

prioritise

what nutrients give energy

protein, carbs and fat

what gives the faster source of energy

protein

what gives the best source of energy

fat

What % of the body is water?

70%

describe unsaturated fats

liquid at room temp, comes from animal products and plant products

describe saturated fats

only contain fatty acids, soli at room temp, mainly come from animal products

describe trans fats

artificial, makes oils more solid, gives longer shelve lives but can lead to heart problems

what are complex (or starchy) carbs

they have more glycocylic bonds or bridges and are found in cereals, potatoes and rices - good for animals with type 2 diabetes

what are simple carbs

found in fruit and refined sugars, single unit monomers, may be added like glucose

where are vitamins a, d, and k absorbed

the gut - this is because they are fat soluble

what can too many vitamins lead to in an animal

toxicity - hypervitiminois that is more common in fat soluble vitamins

what vitamins are water soluble

b and c

describe minerals

inorganic substances, required by the body in small amounts

how many minerals are required by the mammalian body

18

what are minerals referred to as on pet store packaging

ash

what is potassium important for

heart beat regulation

what is digestion

the breakdown of food to its smallest form so that the body can absorb the require nutrients through the bloodstream, to the appropriate organs and muscles

describe the digestive system

where nutrients are acted upon in a series of physical actions (chewing) and chemical actions (stomach acid)

what does GI tract stand for

gastrointestinal tract (hollow organs)

name the three types of digestive systems

monogastric, ruminants, hind gut fermenters

what can ruminate often be identified by

large, hoofed mammals

how many stomach chambers do ruminate have

4 - rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum

what do ruminants have instead of upper inscicors

dental pad

what portion of a day will ruminants spend grazing

one third

what portion of a day will ruminate spend chewing the cud (cutting)

one third

three examples of ruminants

cows, giraffes, sheep

what happens in the rumen and reticulum (stage one)

enzymes begin to break down the food

what happens in step 2 of ruminant digestion

food is regurgitated and re chewed

what chamber of the stomach does the re chewed cud go to in step 3

omasum - liquid is drawn out of the food

what happens in the abomasum (step 4)

proteins are digested

what digestive system has a singular stomach compartment, limited ability to digest fibre and can only digest simple carbs

mono gastric

Examples of monogastrics

dog, cat, human, pigs

what action moves the food down the oesophagus

muscular action

What is the duodenum?

It is the beginning of small intestine and connects the stomach to the small intestine

in monogastrics, where does the majority of digestion take place

small intestines

what does the caecum do in monogastrcis

breaks down remaining protein and fibre

what happens in the large intestines in monogastrics

water is removed

how many stomach chambers do rabbits have

one - they are hind gut fermenters

what organ in hind gut fermenters is specially adapted to break down plant matter

stomach/colon

what do hind gut fermenters store in there caecum

colonies of microorganisms that produce enzymes

why do rabbits absorb their caectrophs (mucus covered soft poos)

so they can absorb more nutrients

Examples of hindgut fermenters

horses, rabbits, rhinos

what digestive system is the hind hind gut similar to

ruminants

what is the most complex organ in the handout fermenter

large intesine - may take food 2-3 days to pass through due to slow process of fermentation

what happens in hind gut fermenters once nutrients is fully absorbed

remains are emptied of water and passed on as waste

rabbits have a --- metabolic rate

high

rabbits GI tract...

...is highly complex

in rabbits, gut --- is very important

motility

what happens in rabbits if gut motility decreases

health problems can occur, gut stasis and death

What % of a rabbits diet should be hay?

75 - 80%

what should rabbits have along side hay

high fibre pellet meal, not museili

what are the largest teeth in rabbit dentition

insciors

what tooth do rabbits have to help prevent malocclusion

peg tooth

how many teeth do rabbits have

28

what is the diastema

hole in mouth/skull that helps rabbits store more food

what is the acidity in hind gut fermenter stomachs

1-2 pH to aid in sterilisation

what does the colon do in hind gut fermenters

sorts the food into digestible and indigestible

what is the hind gut

Colon, caecum (produces mucus to protect ceacotrophs from stomach acid) and rectum

what happens in the hind gut

This is where fibre or indigestible foods are sorted and the fermentation process can begin

ceacum produces mucus layer to protect --- from stomach acid

caectrophs

What is the caecum full of

good bacteria for fermentation

after fermentation volatile fatty acids are produced - what does this provide

a key source of energy

gut stasis in rabbits

leathal, no gut movement, impaction