Studied by 3 peopleSMALL INTESTINE - SUROSA
Surosa - outermost protective layer Surosa - smooth membrane, thin layer of cells the secrete fluid
SMALL INTESTINE - MUSCULARIS
Muscularis - contraction, movement Muscularis - has outer, longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle fibres
SMALL INTESTINE - SUBMUCOSA
Submucosa - loose surface, carrying nerves and vessels
Submucosa - supports the mucosa, allows it to be more flexible
SMALL INTESTINE - MUCOSA
Mucosa - the most inner layer covered in villi to increase surface area for nutrient absorption to be more effective Mucosa - most inner layer with ring like folds called plicae. The folds are covered in tiny protruding shapes known as villi, they are finger like structures that increase surface area and are also covered in microvilli to further increase surface area
LAEGE INTESINE - SUROSA
Surosa - very very thin so it contains the muscularis Surosa - contains the muscularis
;ARGE INTETSINE - MUSCULARIS
Muscularis - movement, small muscle fibres Muscularis - made up of small muscle fibres
LARGE INTESINE - SUBMUCOSA
Submucosa - has patches lymphoid nodules to secret mucous for lubrication Submucosa - also designed for lubrication purposes, secrete mucus for lubrication
LARGE INTESTINE - MUCOSA
Mucosa - secret mucus to lubricate faeces Mucosa - contains goblet cells for lubrication secretion
STOMACH - SUROSA
Surosa - connective tissue, outermost protective layer, thin layer Surosa - coats and protects organs from infection but not from impact
STOMACH - MUSCULARIS
Muscularis - contracts and moves food items around Muscularis - thick muscles with a lot of muscle fibres allow for contraction and for a churning action to help mechanically breakdown food
STOMACH - SUBMUCOSA
Submucosa - where all your blood vessels are, this is where nutrients are absorbed Submucosa - thin for absorption and blood vessels allow for absorption directly into the blood stream making it more efficient
STOMACH - MUCOSA
Mucosa - has deep enfolds and contains mucous cells Mucosa - gastric pits (deep in-folds), this contains gastric glands are, they secrete mucus lining to protect the stomach from digesting itself. This is one of the thickest layers
List the 6 essential nutrients
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water
describe the source and function of protein
energy, growth and repair, fish meat and eggs
describe the source and function of fats
energy, temp reg, insulation, meat, fish, dairy oils
describe the source and function of carbs
energy, maintain blood sugar levels, converts to fat, potatoes bread products and pasta
describe the source and function of vitamins
maintain growth and heath, survival, fat or water soluble, fruit and vegetables
describe the source and function of minerals
helps with normal body functions, fruit and veg
describe the source and function of water
metabolism, essential for most body functions, temp re, bodies of water and food
describe nutrition
the process of taking in food and using it for growth and repair the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth the essential dietary requirements that an animal takes form food and its environment that it needs to thrive and survive
what are the nutritional stages
ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, assimilation and excretion
describe a nutrient
a substance that is essential for life and nourishes that body
all nutrients are --- based
chemical
what nutrient is most important
water
what nutrient do you need in abundance
macro nutrients
what nutrient do you need less of
micro nutrients
different species will ----- the most important nutrient for there species when feeding
prioritise
what nutrients give energy
protein, carbs and fat
what gives the faster source of energy
protein
what gives the best source of energy
fat
What % of the body is water?
70%
describe unsaturated fats
liquid at room temp, comes from animal products and plant products
describe saturated fats
only contain fatty acids, soli at room temp, mainly come from animal products
describe trans fats
artificial, makes oils more solid, gives longer shelve lives but can lead to heart problems
what are complex (or starchy) carbs
they have more glycocylic bonds or bridges and are found in cereals, potatoes and rices - good for animals with type 2 diabetes
what are simple carbs
found in fruit and refined sugars, single unit monomers, may be added like glucose
where are vitamins a, d, and k absorbed
the gut - this is because they are fat soluble
what can too many vitamins lead to in an animal
toxicity - hypervitiminois that is more common in fat soluble vitamins
what vitamins are water soluble
b and c
describe minerals
inorganic substances, required by the body in small amounts
how many minerals are required by the mammalian body
18
what are minerals referred to as on pet store packaging
ash
what is potassium important for
heart beat regulation
what is digestion
the breakdown of food to its smallest form so that the body can absorb the require nutrients through the bloodstream, to the appropriate organs and muscles
describe the digestive system
where nutrients are acted upon in a series of physical actions (chewing) and chemical actions (stomach acid)
what does GI tract stand for
gastrointestinal tract (hollow organs)
name the three types of digestive systems
monogastric, ruminants, hind gut fermenters
what can ruminate often be identified by
large, hoofed mammals
how many stomach chambers do ruminate have
4 - rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum
what do ruminants have instead of upper inscicors
dental pad
what portion of a day will ruminants spend grazing
one third
what portion of a day will ruminate spend chewing the cud (cutting)
one third
three examples of ruminants
cows, giraffes, sheep
what happens in the rumen and reticulum (stage one)
enzymes begin to break down the food
what happens in step 2 of ruminant digestion
food is regurgitated and re chewed
what chamber of the stomach does the re chewed cud go to in step 3
omasum - liquid is drawn out of the food
what happens in the abomasum (step 4)
proteins are digested
what digestive system has a singular stomach compartment, limited ability to digest fibre and can only digest simple carbs
mono gastric
Examples of monogastrics
dog, cat, human, pigs
what action moves the food down the oesophagus
muscular action
What is the duodenum?
It is the beginning of small intestine and connects the stomach to the small intestine
in monogastrics, where does the majority of digestion take place
small intestines
what does the caecum do in monogastrcis
breaks down remaining protein and fibre
what happens in the large intestines in monogastrics
water is removed
how many stomach chambers do rabbits have
one - they are hind gut fermenters
what organ in hind gut fermenters is specially adapted to break down plant matter
stomach/colon
what do hind gut fermenters store in there caecum
colonies of microorganisms that produce enzymes
why do rabbits absorb their caectrophs (mucus covered soft poos)
so they can absorb more nutrients
Examples of hindgut fermenters
horses, rabbits, rhinos
what digestive system is the hind hind gut similar to
ruminants
what is the most complex organ in the handout fermenter
large intesine - may take food 2-3 days to pass through due to slow process of fermentation
what happens in hind gut fermenters once nutrients is fully absorbed
remains are emptied of water and passed on as waste
rabbits have a --- metabolic rate
high
rabbits GI tract...
...is highly complex
in rabbits, gut --- is very important
motility
what happens in rabbits if gut motility decreases
health problems can occur, gut stasis and death
What % of a rabbits diet should be hay?
75 - 80%
what should rabbits have along side hay
high fibre pellet meal, not museili
what are the largest teeth in rabbit dentition
insciors
what tooth do rabbits have to help prevent malocclusion
peg tooth
how many teeth do rabbits have
28
what is the diastema
hole in mouth/skull that helps rabbits store more food
what is the acidity in hind gut fermenter stomachs
1-2 pH to aid in sterilisation
what does the colon do in hind gut fermenters
sorts the food into digestible and indigestible
what is the hind gut
Colon, caecum (produces mucus to protect ceacotrophs from stomach acid) and rectum
what happens in the hind gut
This is where fibre or indigestible foods are sorted and the fermentation process can begin
ceacum produces mucus layer to protect --- from stomach acid
caectrophs
What is the caecum full of
good bacteria for fermentation
after fermentation volatile fatty acids are produced - what does this provide
a key source of energy
gut stasis in rabbits
leathal, no gut movement, impaction
Note
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