Physiological Changes of Aging

These flashcards cover key concepts about the physiological changes of aging and their implications as discussed in the lecture.

What is aging controlled by?

Aging is controlled by cellular and subcellular changes including oxidative stress, mitochondrial changes, DNA damage/repair, telomere length, genotoxicity, genetics, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors.

What is sarcopenia?

Sarcopenia is muscle wasting associated with aging, characterized by a decline in muscle strength, power, and functional quality.

What is the definition of cachexia?

Cachexia is an inexorable decline in muscle (and body) wasting that cannot be stopped nutritionally and typically precedes death.

What factors affect bone health other than aging?

Nutrition, hormones, physical activity/weight-bearing, and medications affect bone health besides aging.

What percentage of muscle mass is typically lost by the age of 70?

20-40% of muscle mass is lost by age 70.

What happens to lean body mass (LBM) as people age?

Lean body mass (LBM) decreases, leading to a reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and total calories used at rest.

What are the changes observed in connective tissue and collagen with aging?

There is a loss of water from the extracellular matrix, an increase in the number of collagen cross-links, and a loss of elastin fibers.

What are the major changes in cardiovascular tissues with aging?

Key changes include a decline in maximum heart rate, stiffer vascular tissues, and reduced contractility of vascular walls.

What is a significant nervous system change with aging?

Loss of myelin occurs along with axonal loss and autonomic nervous system dysfunction.

What are common sensory function changes in older adults?

Visual acuity, field of view, and contrast sensitivity decline; presbycusis results in hearing loss.

How can systemic inflammation be reduced?

Systemic inflammation can be reduced through anti-inflammatory drugs, increasing antioxidants in the diet, caloric restriction, and exercise.

What hormonal changes occur with aging?

There is a decrease in hormone production from endocrine glands, including a decline in sex hormones.

What is the importance of lifestyle choices in aging?

Lifestyle choices and regular exercise are crucial for reversing decline and preventing disease in the aging population.

What is osteosarcopenic obesity syndrome?

triad of osteopenia, obesity, and sarcopenia, causes low grade chronic inflammation

Increase in what type of fat increases inflammatory cytokines?

visceral fat