Chap 9 test/notes

George Washington's inauguration

George Washington was sworn in as the first president of the United States on April 30, 1789, in New York City.

Enfranchisement

The granting of the right to vote; significant in the context of 50% to 75% of adult white men being able to vote by 1789.

Tariff Act of 1789

A law signed on July 4, 1789, aimed to raise federal revenue through a schedule of import duties.

The Tonnage Act of 1789

A law that raised revenue by taxing the tonnage of ships entering U.S. ports.

Judiciary Act of 1789

This act established the structure and jurisdiction of the federal judiciary, creating a three-tiered court system.

John Jay

The first Chief Justice of the United States, known for his role in negotiating Jay's Treaty and co-authoring the Federalist Papers.

Whiskey Rebellion

A violent tax protest from 1791 to 1794 against the excise tax on whiskey, demonstrating federal power to enforce tax laws.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Political statements drafted by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, arguing states could nullify federal laws.

Neutrality Proclamation

An April 22, 1793 statement by George Washington asserting U.S. neutrality amidst European wars.

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident in 1797 where French agents demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats, leading to public outrage.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws passed in 1798 allowing the government to deport foreigners and making it harder for new immigrants to vote.

Federalists

Political party that favored a strong national government and policies like the Bank of the United States and tariffs.

Democratic-Republicans

Political party committed to agrarian interests and limited federal government, opposing Federalist policies.

Hamilton's Economic Plan

A series of proposals by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton to stabilize the U.S. economy through debt assumption and tariffs.

First Bank of the United States

A national bank established in 1791 to provide a stable currency and foster economic development.

The Quasi-War

An undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800.

Treaty of San Lorenzo

Also known as Pinckney's Treaty, this 1795 agreement resolved territorial disputes and granted U.S. access to the Mississippi River.

Hamilton's Tariff

Tax on imports enacted in 1789 aimed at raising revenue and protecting domestic industry.

Jay's Treaty

A 1794 agreement between the U.S. and Britain to settle outstanding issues and maintain peace.

Pinckney's Treaty

Established the U.S. boundary with Spanish Florida and granted navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

George Washington's Farewell Address

A speech delivered by Washington in which he warned against political factions and foreign alliances.

Cabinet

Advisory body to the President, initially established by Washington, composed of heads of executive departments.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional, a principle not fully established until Marbury v. Madison.

The Federalist Papers

A series of essays written to promote the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18

Also known as the Elastic Clause, it provides Congress the authority to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its duties.

Emancipation

The act of freeing someone from slavery or oppression.

Impressment

The act of forcibly enlisting sailors into military service, a major grievance for the U.S. during the early 1800s.

Secession

The action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state.

Sedition

Conduct or speech inciting rebellion against the authority of a state.

Partisan Politics

Political actions or decisions characterized by a strong allegiance to a political party.

Republicanism

A political ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic, where government is considered a public matter.

Fiscal Policy

Government policy regarding taxation, spending, and borrowing to influence the economy.

Civil Liberties

Individual rights protected by law from governmental interference.

Sectionalism

An exaggerated devotion to the interests of a particular region, often leading to conflict.

Economic Nationalism

An ideology supporting the interests of a nation in economic matters, emphasizing domestic production.

Constitutional Compact

The agreement among the states to form a federal government, viewed by some as justifying state intervention against unconstitutional federal laws.

Judiciary Act of 1789

This act established the structure and jurisdiction of the federal judiciary, creating a three-tiered court system. It organized the Supreme Court with one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices, set up thirteen district courts, and established three circuit courts. The Act also provided for the appointment of U.S. attorneys and marshals and addressed the jurisdictional authority of each court, forming the foundation of the federal judicial system.