physiology final exam quizzes

Seminal fluid is a simple mixture of male gametes suspended in saline.

Seminal fluid is a simple mixture of male gametes suspended in saline.

False

Fertilization occurs...

oviduct

"Home pregnancy tests" work because there are antibodies embedded in the test strip that are capable of binding a specific protein (i.e. peptide hormone). What is the protein called that is being tested for?

HCG

On average, approximately how many eggs does a human female ovulate during her lifetime? Note that this sets the absolute maximum number of offspring a female can produce.

400

Which hormones control the ovarian and uterine cycles?

inhibin, estrogen and progesterone, GnRH, FSH and LSH all of the above hormones control some aspect of the female reproductive cycle

Which leukocytes are primarily responsible for acquired immunity?

lymphocytes

The seemingly limitless ability of your immune system to adapt and create solutions to novel pathogens is due to continuous reorganization of the genetic sequences that code for antigen receptor proteins.

True

Antibodies can...

Coat bacterial surfaces.
Cause bacteria to aggregate.
Inactivate bacterial toxins.
Tag bacteria for disposal.
Trigger granulocytes to release antimicrobials.

What properties of the skin provide protection against pathogens?

Desmosomes.
Keratinization.
Tight junctions.
Antimicrobial secretions. (All of the above)

The innate immune defense does NOT include...

B cells

The innate immune defense does include

neutrophils, Macrophages, skin

Inhalation is accomplished by...

the pull of the diaphragm and ribs increasing the volume of the lungs.

Centrifugation of whole blood pelletizes cells and fractionates the components. After centrifugation, order the following components from TOP to BOTTOM of the tube:

Plasma,
leukocytes,
erythrocytes

Which of the following best describes the events of cardiac contractile cell contraction?

An action potential arrives through gap junctions, voltage gated Na+ channels open, Na+ channels close and fast K+ channels open, Ca++ channels open and fast K+ channels close, Ca++ channels close and slow K+ channels open to repolarize the cell.

Food moves through the digestive tract primarily by...

peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle.

Digestion starts in the _______ with _______ beginning digestion of carbohydrates and ______ beginning digestion of lipids.

mouth, amylase, lipase

Veins carry de-oxygenated blood to the heart, except in the...

pulmonary system.

The following options describe functional properties of blood vessels. Starting at the left ventricle, sort the described vessels in order of blood flow.

Large
little,
only,
some,
have

Which of the following is a characteristic of a type I cell of the alveolar wall (i.e. a type I pneumocyte)?

they make up the majority of alveolar cells in a healthy individual

Vasopressin (a.k.a. antidiuretic hormone) influences water reabsorption by...

increasing the permeability to water of the nephron's collecting duct.

Which process is always active and always requires energy to occur?

tubular secretion along the distal tubule

Which is the correct order of structures that digesting food passes through?

Pyloric Sphinter > doudenum > jejunum > ileum

Much more volume is _________ during digestion than is ____________.

secreted, ingested

Vomition can be triggered by....

all of the above can trigger vomition.

Why does the parasympathetic neuron fire in response to stretch receptors in the bladder?

to contract the bladder and force the internal sphincter open

The external sphincter of the urinary system is opened...

by the inhibition of motor neuron signals.

Why does your body have nitrogenous waste?

irreducible byproducts of protein metabolism (e.g. remnants of old, dead cells)

Which process selectively moves molecules from the blood to the filtrate?

tubular secretion

Why do you think the initial filtrate entering a nephron is described as "solute rich"?

The initial filtrate is similar to blood plasma and thus contains a relatively high amount of useful molecules that would be wasteful to flush down the toilet.

In polar regions of the ocean, the extremely cold water holds more dissolved oxygen. Based on this observation, you might expect that organisms inhabiting these waters who rely on passive gas exchange systems could be relatively ________ than their temperate counterparts.

large

In the lungs, oxygen moves down its concentration gradient. This means that oxygen moves...

to the area where there are fewer oxygen molecules.

When the membrane potential of autorhythmic cells reaches threshold (-40 mV), it triggers...

the opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels.

Cardiac contractile cells have relatively short, straight T-tubules compared to other muscle cell types.

False

Arterioles do NOT have any connective tissue.

False

_______ receive blood from outside of the heart, while ______ receive blood from within the heart.

Atria, ventricles

desmosome

keep cells linked

gap junctions

allows signals to pass quickly

autorythmia

Self-generated action potentials

A person with defective rods will have trouble...

Distinguishing shapes at the periphery of the visual field.
Seeing well in the dark.

A blind spot in the retina occurs where...

the optic nerve leaves the eye.

The primary purpose of the middle ear bony structures (maleus, incus and stapes) is to...

amplify the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea.

You work at the Tabasco factory in Louisiana. You spend your workday blending barrels of fermented chili peppers with vinegar and bottling hot sauce. The smells do not bother you, because...

Olfactory receptors are phasic, they quickly adapt to constant stimulus.

Skeletal muscle contraction starts when the muscle fiber depolarizes due to the release of calcium into the cytoplasm.

False

Why does rigor mortis occur after death?

There is no ATP available to bind to myosin.
Myosin is tightly bound to actin.

Which is a potential energy source for an athlete sprinting the 40-yard dash?

phosphocreatine

Which about smooth muscle contraction is FALSE?

Troponin plays the same role as in skeletal muscle.

As a protective mechanism, stretching a skeletal muscle fiber causes sensory neurons (i.e. proprioceptors) to ______ their rate of firing.

increase

Based on your understanding of human reproductive physiology, how long is the "fertility window"? In other words, what is maximum time possible between sexual intercourse and fertilization?

6 days

Vasopressin (a.k.a. antidiuretic hormone) influences water reabsorption by...

increasing the permeability to water of the nephron's collecting duct.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a type I cell of the alveolar wall (i.e. a type I pneumocyte)?

they make up the majority of alveolar cells in a healthy individual

Glands are often formed by an invagination, or fold, of epithelial tissue. The epithelial lining of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital systems contains many glands which secretes mucous and together form protective mucosal membranes.

true

MHC class II molecules are found...

only on antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells).