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what are carbohydrates made of
C, H, O
common carbohydrate: C6H12O6 (glucose)
used in animals as glycogen and in plants as starch
what are fats and oils (lipids) made of
C, H, O
what are proteins made of
C, H, O, N, sometimes Sulfur
starch, glycogen and cellulose are made of
glucose
fats and oils are made of
fatty acids and glycerol
proteins are made of
amino acids
test for starch
iodine solution
steps: iodine solution for starch

test for reducing sugars
benedict’s solution
steps: benedict’s solution for reducing sugars

test for proteins
biuret test
steps: biuret test for proteins

test for fats and oils
ethanol emulsion
steps: ethanol emulsion for fats and oils

test for vitamin c
DCPIP
steps: DCPIP for vitamin c

structure of DNA molecule
two strands coiled together to form a double helix
each strand contains chemicals called bases
bonds between pairs of bases hold the strands together
bases always pair up in the same way (A with T, C with G)