Ani Nutrition Exam 4

Facts of the Swine Industry

• 14 billion dollar industry

• 4th biggest money generator in US animal industry!

• China is the number 1 swine producer in the world

• Iowa produces the most pork in the US

• Pig production accounts for 40% of the world’s meat production

• China produces HALF of the world’s pig population

Pigs provide

• Pork

• Sausages and Bacon

• Hot dogs

• Manure for Fertilizers

Pork is also referred to as

the other white meat

Gilt

young female pig without piglets

Sow

a female pig who has had piglets

Boar

male pig who still has its balls, used for reproduction

Barrow

male pig that had its balls taken at a young age

Piglet

offspring of sow and boar

Feeder Pig

piglet that is newly weaned

Finishing Pig

pig about to go to market

Gestation period

3 months., 3 weeks, and 3 days

Factors affecting nutrient Requirements for swine are…

• Environment

• Temperature, weather, housing, competition

• Breed, sex, genetic background

• Health status of the herd

• Presence of bad stuff

• Availability and absorption of needed dietary nutrients

• Variation of nutrient content and availability in feed

• Level of feed additives

• Energy concentration in the diet

• Level of feeding: limited feeding vs ad libitum

Non-Nutritional Factors affecting Feed Efficiency (Swine)

• Feed wastage

• Stress (heat, crowding)

• Adequacy of feed preparation (particle size and form)

Nutritional Factors affecting Feed Efficiency (Swine)

• Nutrient composition of diet

• Adequacy of diet for genotype and production environment

Feed Preferences for Swine are..

• Eat to maintain a certain body weight

• Love sweets (molasses/honey)

• SALTY/BITTER is a NO

• Hate nausea causing foods

• Pigs are social eaters

• Eat primarily during daylight

• 12 meals per day newly weaned

• SIX SEVEN meals as an adult

• Eat more when cold

• Dont like eating when its hot

Energy In Swine Diets

supplied by carbs and fats, cereal grains and their by products, fatty is added because of its higher energy content compared to cereal grains

Cereal Grains In Swine Diets

corn is the primary source, generally meets the pigs needs, should be supplemented with protein, vitamins and minerals

Fiber In Swine Diets

pigs have the ability to use fiber as it increases speed feed passes through GI Tract, but reduces mineral absorption and energy intake

Fats In Swine Diets

cheaply increases the energy density in feed, though these pigs will produce pork high in these fats

Proteins and Amino Acids In Swine Diets

no specific requirement for crude protein, only amino acids. Crude protein usually meets AA requirements, though.

Essential Amino Acids In Swine Diets

most if not all need to be supplemented, lysine is most important

Most common supplemented amino acids are..

Lysine, Methionine,Tryptophan, and Threonine

Arginine is only essential for..

growing swine

Histadine is required during…

pregnancy

Vitamin and Mineral Requirements In Swine Diets

met through combo of diet,soil sunlight and supplements,

Calcium In Swine Diets

usually needs to be supplemented using Limestone

Phosphorus In Swine Diets

supplied by di-calcium/mono-calcium phosphate, ratio is CRITICAl, should be 1.0 to 1,5

Iron In Swine Diets

newborn pigs must be given shots of iron after birth or they become e anemic

Growth Promoting Minerals (Feed Additives)

• Copper

• Sulfate

• Zinc Oxide

Enzymes (Feed Additives)

phytase: increases digestibility of phytate phosphorus

Organic Acids (Feed Additives)

may improve digestibility for early weaned pigs

Probiotics (Feed Additives)

organisms that stimulate the growth of the desirable organisms in the gut such as Lactobacillus and Streptococcus

Lactobacillus

probiotic bacteria that helps prevent infections

Streptococcus

bacteria that helps promote gut and GI tract health

Guidelines for the Standard Swine Diet

Ground corn and soybean meal supplemented with salt, vitamin and premix

Guidelines for feeding Lactating Sows

• No limit on feed

• Meet target lysine and energy intake

• Record daily consumption

• Consider 2 or more lactation diets based on litters had and season

Guidelines for feeding Weaned Piglets

• Good nutrition is critical

• Pelleted/crumbled diets are better

Guidelines for feeding the Grower to Finishing Pig

• Protein levels increase as Energy decreases (24% to 16% protein)

• Variable diets used based on environment feed costs etc

• Liquid diets facilitate easier changes

General Equine Considerations (Chew Time)

• Need sufficient “chew” time

• Small quantity, Poor quality forage= OK

• High quality forage TWICE per day

General Equine Considerations (Obesity)

• easy to overfeed horses, especially with grain in feed

• Dominant horses may develop obesity the easiest

General Equine Considerations (Temperature)

• Horses can handle any temperature

• Cold stress at 15 degrees Celsius though

General Equine Considerations (Miscellaneous)

• horses sort through feed for what they like

• pelleted/totally mixed and feeding forage good for horsies

Equine Feeding Management

• Feed at the same time per day and individually

• Feed according to body weight

• Feed at least twice per day

• Feed hay for the fiber requirement

• Fed grain ONLy when required

• Change diet gradually over a 4 to 5-day period

Hay Racks

• Puts hay at horse eye level

• very common

• reduces hay waste

Nets

• hold hay above the ground

• must be secured well, horses pull on them

Buckets and Bins

• Usually grain

• Grain should be monitored carefully, so horses don’t get fat

• No automatic feeders

Bin on the Ground

• Good for the horse because of the normal head position

• Little hay waste

• Bins must be cleaned regularly

• More waste occurs when hay is placed on the ground, which can become contaminated as well

Equine Feedstuffs

• Forage (Vitamins)

• Silage and NPN

• Oats (Grain)

• Corn and Barley (Grain)

• Molasses (Grain Energy Suppplements)

• Corn Oil (Grain Energy Suppplements)

• Salt Block (Minerals)

Which grain is most popular and why?

Oats are the most popular grain, reduces chance for obesity and have a high protein and energy requirement, and can be crimped to increase digestibility

How do horses get vitamins?

Horses get calcium and potassium from hay and forage

How do horses get minerals?

Minerals are provided through a salt block

Ways horses obtain Water

• Water buckets

• Automatic waterers

• Water tanks

• Streams, Ponds and Lakes

Importance of Water (Horse)

Horses drink up to 4-10 gallons per day, vital for digestion

Diet for a Horse in Maintenance

• 100% grass hay

• should be fed 1.5 to 2% of body weight

Diet for a Horse in Pregnancy

• Feed maintenance diet first 2 trimesters

• Increase protein to 12% in third trimester

• Supplement Ca and P in third trimester

• Increase energy intake by one 1mcal/month in third trimester

• Switch to alfalfa hay for protein and vitamin needs

• Ration: 65% hay and 35% grain

Diet for a Horse in Lactation

• Nutrient Requirements increase 50%

Diet for a Foal

• Need as much colostrum as possible within 12 hours of birth

• 250 g of a 16% creep feed per 50kg body weight

• Free choice hay at 4-5 months of age

• 500g of grain/50kg of body weight at 7-8 months

Diet for a Horse in Performance

• Need additional energy

• Feed an increased quantity of the entire diet

• Mineral solution for increased requirement for Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Magnesium

• Small, Frequent amounts of water, 3-fold higher after exercise

Diet for a Geriatric Horse

• Special grain mix fed along with good-quality hay

• High vitamin C and fermentable fiber

• Oils

• Pelleted to prevent sorting

• Highly digestible with high-quality protein

Colic is caused by

• soil/sand/gravel consumption,

• tumors,

• parasites,

• too much gas in the colon,

• sudden change of diet

• dehydration

Laminitis

Inflammation of the hoof caused by high grain feeding which lead to an overproduction of lactic acid producing bacteria

Special Needs of Cats

1. Higher fat requirement

2. Higher protein requirements

3. Taurine

4. Arginine

5. Arachidonic acid

6. Vitamin A

7. Niacin

Companies in the pet food industry..

• Can use waste from human products for pet food production

• Have a convenient source of ingredients

Four Types of Pet Foods

• Generic

• Popular

• Premium

• Prescription

Pet Food Regulatory Bodies

• AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials)

• FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

• USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)

Dry Food vs Canned Food

• Dry food is more cost-effective than Canned Food

• Dry food is less digestible than Canned Food

• Dry food has a longer shelf life than Canned Food

• Dry food stores better than Canned Food

• Dry food is less palatable than Canned Food

• Dry Food has a lower moisture content than Canned Food

A pet food label must include..

• Product Name

• Net quantity statement

• Manufacturer info

• Ingredient listing

• Guaranteed analysis

• Nutritional adequacy

• General feeding instructions

• Other label claims

95% Rule

atleast 95% of the named ingredients must be present in the product

25% Rule or Dinner Rule

Named ingredients must comprise at least 25% of the product but less than 95%, name must also contain a qualifying descriptive term

3% Rule or With Rule

The named ingredient/ingredient on the label must be present at a minimum of 3%

How are ingredients listed on a pet food label?

In order of weight including water content

Unregulated Descriptor Terms

• Premium

• Gourmet

• Natural

Sheep Industry Trend

There has been a steady decline in sheep and need for sheep products in the US since the late 1940s

Goat Industry Trend

Goat milk has seen a slight growth in numbers but whats impressive is the explosive growth in the meat goat industry in the US, fastest growing segment

Nutrient Requirements (Young Sheep vs Young Goats)

• Both need as much colostrum and mothers milk as possible

• Young Sheep start creep feed a little earlier than goats

• Young Sheep are weaned earlier than Young Goats

Nutrient Requirements (Pregnant Sheep vs Pregnant Goats)

• Both pregnant sheep and goats can be fed good quality hay/forage during early pregnancy

• Both animals need an increased amount of energy/nutrients during late pregnancy

• Pregnant goats are prone to ketosis and other complications, do not overfeed

• Both pregnant animals should be fed grain for energy during late pregnancy

Pregnancy Toxemia

disease that occurs in sheep’s and goats that are undernourished while pregnant with 2 or more fetuses

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis)

metabolic disease that occurs in male goats caused by mineral imbalance, too much grain in diet

Milk Fever

sudden drop in calcium levels in cows when they start lactating, need any more calcium in diet

White Muscle Disease

disease caused by deficiency of selenium and/or vitamin E in diet, usually bad hay

Grass Tetany

low dietary magnesium caused by too much spring grass high in K and N

Lactic Acidosis

caused by overload of grain in diet that cause lactic buildup

Polio encephalomalacia

serious disease in ruminants caused by thiamine deficiency due to grain overload/sudden diet changes or high sulfur feed

Enteroxaemia

sudden increase in carbs in diet which disrupts the gut