basic concepts of organic chemistry

structure and bonding in organic molecules - the formula of organic compounds

p orbitals

dumbbell shaped

three types oriented along three diff axes : x y and z

what are the diff types of covalent bonds ?

sigma and pi bond

sigma bond

single bonds

head to head overlap of either :

S orbitals
S+P orbitals
P+P orbitals

P orbitals horizontal along x axis

Pi bond

formed when the overlap between two p orbitals occurs sideways . you get two electron clouds above and below the plane

why is the C=C bond in ethene not twice as strong as the C-C bond in ethane?

a single bond is made of one sigma bond while the double bond is made of a sigma and pi bond

double bond is not double the strength of a single bcs a pi bond is weaker than the sigma

aliphatic

have straight or branched chains of C atoms

Alicyclic

have rings of C atoms w/ normal C-C and C-H bonds e.g. cyclobutene

aromatic

contains a benzene ring - benzene C6H6 consists of a ring of 6 C-H grps joined tg by delocalised pi bonds

empirical formula

simplest whole num ratio of atoms

molecular formular

actual num of atoms in a formula

three types of organic reactions?

addition

substitution

elimination

homolytic fission

equal splitting of a covalent bond to form a free radical

heterolytic fission

unequal splitting of a covalent bond where one atom takes both the electrons

free radical

a vv reactive species w/ an unpaired electron

electrophile

electron pair acceptor

neutrophile

electron pair donor

homologous series

series of organic compounds having the same functional grp but w/ each successive member differing by CH2

functional grp

grp of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

structural isomer

compounds w/ the same molecular formula but diff structural formulae