A 3.1 Diversity of organismes

Binomial naming system

Genus + species (homo sapiens)

morphological classification

based on observable characteristics

continous and discontinous chrcateristics

continous = hight

discontinuous = blood type

Biological species concept + limitations

Whether the offspring of the two individuals is fertile or not

limitations:

binary fission

asexual reproduction

plyploidy

sometimes fertile hybrids, sometimes not

horizontal gene transfer

cloning

evolution of human chromosome 2

The hypothesis is that it was formed from two chromosomes of a common ancestor to us and chimps

This is because humans have 46 chromosomes, while chimps have 48, so one chromosome pair has disappeared

Evidence for this occurrence is that chromosomes 12 and 13 of the chimp is comparable to chromosome 2 of humans.

The banding of chromosome 12 matches with the top of chromosome 2, while the banding of chromosome 13 matches that of the bottom arm of chromosome 2

The cap chromosome is made of a specific sequence of nucleotides. This can be observed in the middle of chromosome 2 of humans, suggesting that the fusion of the bottom of chromosome 12 and the top of chromosome 13 is the one that created these characteristics

Moreover, while the centromere of chromosome 12 is aligned with the one on human chromosome 2, chromosome 13 is therfore is not aligned; however, in the area where the centromere of chromosome 13 would be on chromosome 2, we observe satellite DNA a section of nucleotides that is usually found at the centromere

SNP

Single nucleotide polymorphis = give diversity to a popullation

Whole genome sequencing

it is determining the whole DNA code of an individual. It is useful as this way we can decide on which medicine to prescribe to an individual based on the feedback from other patients that have similar genetic sequences.

DNA barcoding + environemnetal DNA

DNA of many species has been saved in a library, through the collection of eDNA scientific may quckly run the dna in the sytem and determin what organisme are presnt i the area

bioindicators

are species that are sensitive to environmental changes such as temperature or pollution, their presence can be informative on the environetal condition of an area