LEARNING, MEMORY & AMNESIA

Dual trace theory

________ suggests hippocampus holds memory until it is stored elsewhere.

Nadel

________ and Moscovitch- retained memories become progressively more resistant to disruption by hippocampal damage.

Hebb

________ argued that memories of experiences are stored in the short term by neural activity reverberating (circulating) in closed circuits.

Alzheimers Disease

________- acetylcholine depletion.

Medial temporal lobe

________ amnesia- patients with evidence of damage to the medial frontal lobe with similar memory deficits to H.M. who also preserve their intellectual functioning.

Entorhinal grid cells

________- each have an extensive array of evenly spaced place fields, producing a pattern reminiscent of graph paper.

Global cerebral ischemia

________- interruption of blood supply to the brain, often those suffering from it also suffer from medial temporal lobe amnesia.

Grid cells

________ represent evenly spaced place fields.

Medial Temporal Lobectomy

Bilateral ________- the removal of the medial portions of the temporal lobes, which includes parts of the hippocampus and amygdala.

Predementia Alzheimers

________- Alzheimers patients who have yet to develop dementia.

Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy

the removal of the medial portions of the temporal lobes, which includes parts of the hippocampus and amygdala

H.M.

suffered mild retrograde amnesia, lost the ability to form long-term memories, global amnesia

Nadel and Moscovitch

retained memories become progressively more resistant to disruption by hippocampal damage

Hippocampal place cells

fire when rat is in a specific location

Dual trace theory

\________ suggests hippocampus holds memory until it is stored elsewhere.

Nadel

\________ and Moscovitch- retained memories become progressively more resistant to disruption by hippocampal damage.

Hebb

\________ argued that memories of experiences are stored in the short term by neural activity reverberating (circulating) in closed circuits.

Alzheimers Disease

\________- acetylcholine depletion.

Medial temporal lobe

\________ amnesia- patients with evidence of damage to the medial frontal lobe with similar memory deficits to H.M. who also preserve their intellectual functioning.

Entorhinal grid cells

\________- each have an extensive array of evenly spaced place fields, producing a pattern reminiscent of graph paper.

Global cerebral ischemia

\________- interruption of blood supply to the brain, often those suffering from it also suffer from medial temporal lobe amnesia.

Grid cells

\________ represent evenly spaced place fields.

Predementia Alzheimers

\________- Alzheimers patients who have yet to develop dementia.

Global amnesia

amnesia for information presented through all of the senses

Retrograde amnesia

affects the memory from before a surgery

Anterograde amnesia

affects the memory after a surgery

H.M.

suffered mild retrograde amnesia, lost the ability to form long-term memories, global amnesia

Medial temporal lobe amnesia

patients with evidence of damage to the medial frontal lobe with similar memory deficits to H.M. who also preserve their intellectual functioning

Implicit memories

unconscious

Explicit memories

conscious

Semantic memories

explicit memories of general information and facts

Episodic memories

explicit memories of particular events from ones life people

Global cerebral ischemia

interruption of blood supply to the brain, often those suffering from it also suffer from medial temporal lobe amnesia

Transient global amnesia

sudden onset in the absence of any obvious cause in an otherwise normal adult, usually lasts between 4 and 6 hours; severe anterograde amnesia and mild retrograde amnesia for explicit episodic memories are present; it is connected to abnormalities in a part of the hippocampus (CA1)

Alzheimers Disease

acetylcholine depletion

Predementia Alzheimers

Alzheimers patients who have yet to develop dementia

New evidence

it could take years for consolidation to occur

Nadel and Moscovitch

retained memories become progressively more resistant to disruption by hippocampal damage

Many hippocampal neurons

place cells (respond only when a subject is in specific locations)

Hippocampal place cells

fire when rat is in a specific location

Entorhinal grid cells

each have an extensive array of evenly spaced place fields, producing a pattern reminiscent of graph paper

Border cells

fire when the subject is near the borders of its immediate environment

Alzheimer’s Symptoms:

Initially, mild loss of memory Eventually incapacitates patient Pathological changes Reduced acetylcholine Degeneration of basal forebrain Predementia Alzheimer’s Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia Short-term and implicit memory deficits

Memory Consolidation refers to

refers to translation of short-term memories into long-term memories.

Each time a similar experience occurs or the original memory is recalled, a new

engram is established and linked to the original engram, making the memory easier to recall and the original engram more difficult to disrupt.

engram

a change in the brain that stores a memory