Tao Te Ching IB - Question B

Relevant to: Wu-wei, water, governance, the sage, opposites, knowledge, conformity and the uncarved block

What is Schopenhauer’s philosophy? (Conformity)

The societal norms and expectations often force individuals to subordinate their desires to those of the collective. This suppression will reuslt n the internal conflict and loss of authenticity.

What was Alan Watts’ view on Taoist principles?

He agrees with basically everything and often just reinstated the principles (so always use it for the proposition arguement)

What was Thomas Hobbes’ arguments against conformity and governance?

In “Leviathan”, Hobbes argues that human beings are inherently self-interested and that without societal structures, life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”, hence it is essential to establish order to prevent chaos.

What was Machiavelli’ arguments against conformity and governance?

In his book “The Prince”, he discusses the importance of power dynamics in governance and necessity of maintaining control for the stability of the state.

What was Hegel’s arguments against conformity and governance?

Rather than seeking to eliminate social roles, Hegal would advocate for engaging with them critically, recognising that they play a vital role in the development fo ethical life and human freedom.

What was Heraclitus’ arguement proposing for opposites and knowledge?

That conflict and contrasts drive change and development, following his assertion that “Strife is the father of all things.”. He states that “you cannot step on the same river twice” suggesting that the interdependence of opposites is what creates harmony.

What was Hegel’s arguement proposing for opposites and knowledge?

His method of dialectical thinking, where the process of thesis, antithesis and synthesis emphasises that the synthesis of opposites can lead ti resolution and evolution of new ideas.

What does Descartes’ theory of the mind and body opposes Taoist ideas on opposites?

His theory of substance dualism implies that there is a separation between the intellectual and the experiential. Hence, the interplay between opposites may not be perceived as harmonous.

What does Nietzche’s theory of the mind and body opposes Taoist ideas on opposites?

Opposing forces like good and bad are not inherently valuable but they are constructs of human perspective, as life is characterised by a struggle for power. And his philosophy of “will to power” emphasises that knowledge and morality emerges from the conflict between opposing forces.

What was Aristotle’s arguement proposing yet opposing the concept of water?

His concept of virtue as a means between extremes offers a complementary perspective. While water emphasises adaptability and humility, Western thought often values courage and assertiveness. Integrating these perspectives can lead to a more nuanced understanding of virtue, suggesting that wisdom might involve a balance between the qualities of water and more assertive traits.

What was Aristotle’s arguement opposing the concept of the uncarved block?

Aristotle’s concept of virtue as a mean between extremes offers a contrasting view, suggesting that balance, rather than simplicity alone, is key to ethical living. Integrating these perspectives encourages a more nuanced approach to personal development, recognizing the value of both simplicity and complexity.

What was Buddism’s perspective proposing for Wu-Wei?

Practitioners are encouraged to let go of desires and expectations, allowing things to unfold naturally. This detachment from outcomes enables a more fluid and harmonious way of engaging with life. Additionally, it aligns with the Buddhist practice of mindfulness, when one is fully present, actions arise effortlessly, without force or struggle.

What was Sun Tzu’s arguement opposing to Wu-wei?

Although Sun Tzu stresses the need for adaptability in strategy, he also suggests that success often requires calculated moves and interventions and often avoiding action can lead to missed opportunities or vulnerabilities.

What was Sun Tzu’s arguement opposing to the uncarved block?

He argues that relying solely on the simplicity of the uncarved block may overlook the nuances and tactics necessary for success in dynamic and challenging environments.