Bio test 2

virus

nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) in a protein coat

is a virus living or non living

unknown

lacks metabolic structure or function outside of the host

host cell is used for reproduction

some virus illness can be prevented by… NOT …

vaccines

antibiotics

vaccine

weakened virus/ protein to trigger immune responce

virus’ can mutate…

quickly

prokaryote domains

bacteria and archaea

prokaryotes are the …. organisms on earth

most numerous

prokaryotes have tremendous…

diversity due to physiology adapting to the environment

prokaryotes lack..

membrane bound organelles

* only have ribosomes

prokaryotes are generally…

single celled

0\.05 um - 0.5 um diameter

cocci

sphere

diplococci

in pairs

streptococci

chains of many cells

staphylococci

grape like cluster

bacili

bacillus rod

streptobaccili

chains

spirilla

spiral shaped

spirochete

corkscrew

cell walls provide…

protection

bacteria peptidoglycan

polymer of sugars/ amino acids

gram positive

stains purple

one external layer of peptidoglycan

gram negative

stains pink

peptidoglycan sandwiched between membranes

can have higher drug resistance

archaea

structurally similar but chemically different

capsule

external layer of polysaccharides and proteins

the capsule aids bacteria in…

attaching to surfaces and each other and the formation of biofilms

bacteria capsule may..

cause disease, can aid in digestion in large intestine, cycle nutrients in ecosystem, aid plant growth

flagellum

tail like structure

* not cytoskeleton extension like eukaryotic flagella

taxis

directed movement towards (positive) or away from (negative) stimuli

pili and fimbrae

short hair like structures

hold separate cells together

archaea living conditions

extreme halophiles

extreme thermophiles

methanogens

halophiles

salt loving

thermophiles

heat loving

methanogens

produce methane in anoxic environments

* in wetlands or intestines of some animals including humans

much remains … about archaea and bacteria

unknown

most eukaryotes are…

single celled organisms

protists include…

all eukaryotes

protist traits

most are unicellular

* some are colonial, some multicellular ex algae

live in aquatic or moist environments

there is a lot of … among protists

diversity

why is there diversity among protists

natural selection that lead to evolution

* repeated un highly variable environments over 1 billion years
* aided by endosymbiosis
* countless extinctions

protist diversity

motility during all or some of life cycle

variable internal and external structures

flagella

one or more tail like structures

ex. dinoflagellate and euglena

cilia

short hairs

ex. paramecium

psuedopods

“false feet”

ex. amoeba

diatomes

cell wall is embedded with silica

radiolarins

silica in cytoskeleton

thallus

plant like form

* seen in brown algae

slime molds

forms into a colony to consume fungi

plant diversity

plants are grouped among arcaheaplastids

* includes red and green algae

plants have been on land for around…

500 million years

plant ancestry

ancestors were aquatic algal species

had increased tolerance to less moist environments that lead to eventual evolution to terrestrial species

there are currently … known plant species

290,000

plant attributes

multicellular

eukaryotic

mostly photosynthetic autotrophs

plant cell walls are made with …

cellulose

what is the most abundant polymer on earth

most abundant polymer- cellulose

what is the monomer of cellulose

glucose

traits of land plants

alteration of generations…

diploid sporophytes through meiosis produce haploid spores

haploid spores become gametophytes through mitosis

land plants may be

non vascular or vascular

non vascular plants

10% of plants

* lack vascular tissue
* phylum hepatophyta
* phylum bryophyta
* phylum anthocerophyta

phylum hepatophyta

liverworts

phylum bryophyta

mosses

phylum antocerophyta

hornworts

vascular plants

90% of plants

* have vascular tissue to conduct water and nutrients through the plant

seedless vascular plants

5% of plants

* phylum lycophyta
* phylum monilphyta

seed plants

gymnosperms (naked seeds)

angiosperms (flowering)

gymnosperms

naked seeds 1% of plants

* phylum ginkophyta
* phylum cycadophyta
* phylum ginetophyta
* phylum coniferophyta

angiosperms

flowering 85% of plants

* phylum anthophyta

cotyledon

seed leaf

monocots

one seed leaf

dicots

two seed leaf

vascular plants have…

xylem, lignin, phloen

xylem

tissue that conducts water and nutrients from roots

lignin

a complex molecule with variable forms

provides structural support and helps conduct water

phloem

conducts sugars, amino acids, etc from leaves

plant form fits…

function

roots function

anchor plant to the substrate (height)

absorb water and minerals

* large surface area to volume ratio

carbohydrate storage (some)

symbiotic mycorrhizae- relationship with fungi

stems function

aerial support for leaves, flowers, and fruit (seeds)

modified stems…

* tubers
* stolons
* rhizomes

tubers

modified stem for food storage ex potato

stolons

modified stems for asexual reproduction ex strawberries

rhizomes

modified stems for lateral spreading and storage

apical buds

buds at the tip of a shoot or branch

axillary buds

buds along a shoot or branch behind or below apical buds

leaves function

increased surface area for photosynthesis, gas exchange, transpiration

modified leaves…

* bulbs
* flowers
* tendrils
* spines
* asexual reproduction

bulbs

leaf modification for energy storage

flowers

leaf modification for sexual reproduction

tendrils

leaf modification for support

spines

leaf modification for protection

meristems

region where tissue is actively dividing undifferentiated cells

apical meristems

growth in length (primary growth)

* in apical buds, axillary buds, and root tips

lateral meristems

growth in diameter (secondary growth)

vascular cambium

adds xylem and phloem

apical dominance

apical bud inhibits growth of axillary buds

* plant grows height first because of competition for sunlight

what can be causes of more axillary plant growth

animal pruning

what is the purpose of a root cap

to protect the apical meristem tissue

root growth

secreted polysaccharide slime lubricates roots

bud scar

site of previous years apical buds

sapwood

newer secondary xylem, continues to transport

heartwood

older non-transporting, secondary xylem

older phloem tissue ruptures as tree diameter grows

bark

all tissue exterior to the vascular cambium

annuals

plant completes life cycle in one year

biennials

complete life cycle in two years

ex. onion, beets, carrots