DNA Forensics and Biological Evidence

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from the lecture on DNA forensics and biological evidence.

Forensic Biology

A broad field that includes disciplines like entomology, botany, microbiology, serology, and genetics.

Presumptive Testing

Initial tests used to identify the presence of biological fluids, though not conclusive.

DNA Profiling

The process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics, used in forensic analyses.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

DNA located in mitochondria, maternally inherited, helpful in genetic analysis of degraded samples.

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)

Short repetitive sequences in DNA, used in forensic DNA analysis for individualization.

CODIS

The Combined DNA Index System, which links DNA profiles from crime scenes with those of convicted offenders.

Alleles

Different forms of a gene that arise through mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Genetic Genealogy

Using DNA testing and historical records to identify relationships and family histories in forensic cases.

Haploid

A cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes, as seen in gametes.

Probabilities in DNA Analysis

Statistical methods used to assess the likelihood of a DNA match among individuals.

Biological Evidence

Physical evidence from living or deceased organisms, like DNA, blood, or saliva, used in legal investigations.

DNA Extraction

The process of isolating DNA from cells for analysis.

Locus (pl. loci)

Specific location on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is found.

Genotyping

Determining the genetic constitution of an individual by analyzing their DNA.

Presumptive Tests in Forensics

Initial tests that indicate the presence of biological substances but require further confirmatory testing.

Nuclear DNA

The DNA found in the nucleus of a cell, inherited from both parents and useful in personal identification.