apes unit 1 review

predator-prey

one eats, one gets eaten

mutualism

both species benefit by being in the relationship

mutualism example

clown fish and sea anemone

commensalism

one species benefits and the other is unaffected

commensalism example

Remoras attach themselves to a shark's body, feeding on scraps leftover from the shark's meal. The remoras neither hurt nor harm the shark.

parasitism

one species benefits and one species is harmed

parasitism example

flea and dog

competition

2 species competing for the same resources- includes intraspecific and interspecific

interspecific competition

competition between members of different species

intraspecific competition

competition between members of the same species

principle of competitive exclusion

when two or more species coexist using the same resource, one must displace or exclude the other

biome

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

ecosystem

A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment

Taiga (Boreal Forest)

Has a short growing season, the soil quality is poor, the biodiversity is low, has conifers such a cedar, spruce, pine, and fir; it has insects, birds mainly in the summer, no amphibians or reptiles, and mammals such as rodents, rabbits, minks, raccoons, bears, and moose live there

temperate rainforest

a coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures and high precipitation; coniferous and broadleaf trees

temperate seasonal forest

A biome with warmer summers and colder winters than temperate rainforests and dominated by deciduous trees. 4 seasons: warm, wet summers and cold winters
most dominated by humans

tropical rainforest

Forests in which rainfall is abundant - more that 200 cm (80 in) per year - and temperatures are warm or hot year-round; near the equator; greatest diversity of species with rain all year and warm all year
soil is thin, acidic, and nutrient poor with rapid decomposition and nutrient cycling

shrubland

hot,dry summers and cool, moist winters; found near coasts with short trees and grasses; chaparral; subject to fires

temperate grassland

a community (or biome) that is dominated by grasses, has few trees, and is characterized by cold winters and low rainfall that is intermediate between that of a forest and a desert

savanna

An area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes; wet season and a dry season; wildfires are common

desert

An extremely dry area with little water and few plants

tundra

a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen.

permafrost

permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground- found in tundra

freshwater biome

Aquatic biomes that include lakes, streams, rivers and ponds. Salt concentration of less than 1%.

marine biomes

oceans, coral reefs, estuaries, salt marshland

intertidal zones

where the ocean meets the land and the shore is pounded by waves during high tide and exposed to the sun and drying winds during low tide; many nutrients but the organisms must be adapted to avoid drying out or breaking (hard shells, etc)

benthic zone

bottom of an aquatic ecosystem; consists of sand and sediment and supports its own community of organisms nutrients found here

estuary

A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean; nutrient rich from ocean and river deposition

coral reef

The most diverse marine biome on Earth, found in warm, shallow waters beyond the shoreline.

carbon cycle

the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.

nitrogen cycle

the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition. Bacteria are important

carbon

element found in all living things

nitrogen

Most abundant gas in the atmosphere- atmospheric nitrogen is not 'usable' by living things so it must be 'fixed'
element found in protein and DNA

phosphorus

element that makes up DNA

phosphorus cycle

the cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment; does not have an atmospheric component

hydrologic cycle

The cycle through which water in the hydrosphere moves; includes such processes as evaporation, precipitation, and surface and groundwater runoff

transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

percolation

The downward movement of water through soil and rock due to gravity.

primary productivity

the rate at which food energy is generated by photosynthesis. It is measured in units of energy per unit area per unit time (ex. kcal/m2/year)

gross productivity

The total rate of photosynthesis in an area, or the full amount of food produced by the producers.

net productivity

the difference between gross productivity and the energy lost by producers for respiration

trophic levels

The hierarchical levels of the food chain through which energy flows from primary producers to primary consumers, secondary consumers and so on. The shape is a pyramid because energy is 'lost' as it goes up to each higher level

the 10% rule

90% of energy is used by the organisms and only 10% moves up the pyramid because the organism below it used up the energy to heat its body, move, reproduce, etc.

food chains

Energy links between different organisms in an ecosystem based on feeding habits; simple and linear

food web

A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

biomass

total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

barrier islands

Long, thin, low offshore islands of sediment that generally run parallel to the shore along some coasts.
provide protection from storms, waves, tides
Since they are made of sand, they shouldn't be built on because storms destroy buildings, about 20% in the US have been developed

mangroves

tropical trees that grow along coasts and help maintain the health of tropical, coastal environments
stabilize shoreline; nurseries for fish/shrimp
threats: shrimping, development, cut for timber, tourism