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veto power
formal, president power to stop a bill Congress has passed
pocket veto
formal, president power to indirectly veto a bill by taking no action on it when Congress adjourns
commander in chief
formal, president responsible for overall military strategy and command the armed forces
appointment power
formal, president appoint ambassadors, federal judges, Cabinet secretaries
treaty making
formal, president negotiate treaties (2/3 Senate approval)
pardoning power
formal, president grant reprieves or pardons for federal offenses
convening congress
formal, call special Congress sessions and adjourn them if necessary
executive orders
informal, president orders to bureaucracy to implement or interpret laws
executive agreements
informal, president pacts with other heads of state that don’t need Senate approval
executive privilege
informal, president right to withhold information from Congress for confidentiality
bully pulpit
informal, president uses prestige of the office to shape public opinion and pressure Congress
power of persuasion
informal, president bargain with Congress to secure policy goals
signing statements
informal, docs explaining how president interprets a law passed by Congress
using the bureaucracy
informal, president using agency discretion to influence policy
lawmaking
formal, Congress passing legislation
budgeting
formal, “power of the purse” - taxing, borrowing, spending money
foreign policy
formal, declaring war and Senate ratifying treaties
appointments/impeachment
formal, Senate confirms presidential appointments/House has power to impeach
oversight
formal, Congress creates lower courts and regulates armed forces
party leadership
informal, Congress uses party structure to pass legislation
public pressure
informal, Congress influences policy by shaping public opinion
power of the purse (informal)
informal, Congress threatens to cut funding to executive agencies to influence policy decisions
negotiation
informal, Congress bypasses gridlock to secure votes for legislation
judicial review
formal, SC declares laws or executive actions unconstitutional
original jurisdiction
formal, SC power to hear a case first, such as cases between states or cases involving ambassadors
appellate jurisdiction
formal, SC power to review decisions made by lower federal and state courts
lifetime appointments
formal, federal judges serve for life
writ of certiorari
informal, SC power to choose which cases to hear, which shapes which constitutional issues are addressed
amicus curiae briefs
informal, SC considers ‘friend of the court’ briefs - interest groups’ written docs to influence judicial policy