Hildebrant, Human Geography for the AP Course, 2e, Unit 3

absorbing barriers

Barriers that completely halt diffusion

accent

A way of pronouncing words

acculturation

Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group adopts enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially

animistic religion

A faith that subscribes to the idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, and other entities of the natural environment

assimilation

Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group blends in with the host culture and loses many culturally distinctive traits

bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages fluently

centrifugal force

A force that threatens the cohesion of a neighborhood, society, or country

centripetal force

A force that brings people together and unifies a neighborhood, society, or country

colonialism

The act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory, which becomes known as a colony

convergence hypothesis

The idea that cultures are converging or becoming more alike

creole

A combined language that has a fuller vocabulary than a pidgin language and becomes a native language

creolization

The linguistic process where languages converge and create new languages and forms of communication

cultural attitudes

Concepts and ideas in a society that are shaped by cultural opinions, beliefs, and perspectives

cultural relativism

An approach to understanding other cultures that seeks to understand individuals and cultures from a wider perspective of cultural logic

cultural trait

A single aspect of a given culture or society

culture hearth

A focused geographic area where important innovations are born and from where they spread

dialect

A regional variation of a language that is understood by people who speak other variations of that language

empire

A sovereign political entity that seeks to expand beyond its origin land to control more territory politically and/or economically

endangered language

A language that is not taught to children by their parents and is not used actively in everyday matters

ethnic geography

The study of the spatial aspects of ethnicity

ethnic group

A people of common ancestry and cultural tradition; characterized by a strong feeling of group identity

ethnic religion

A religion identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group that does not seek converts

ethnocentric approach

An approach to understanding other cultures that evaluates them from the perspective of the observer’s culture

extinct language

A language that has only a few elderly speakers still living or no living speakers

generic toponym

The generic part of a place-name, often a suffix or prefix, such as -ville in Louisville

genocide

The systematic killing of members of a racial, ethnic, or linguistic group

glocalization

Adapting global practices to fit local cultural practices and preferences

imperialism

The motivating impulse to control greater amounts of territory

Indigenous culture

A local culture that is no longer the dominant ethnic group within its traditional homeland because of migration, colonization, or political marginalization

language

A mutually agreed-upon system of symbolic communication

language family

A group of related languages that share a common ancestry

lingua franca

A language of communication and commerce spoken across a wide area where it is not a mother tongue

local culture

Rural, ethnically homogenous culture that is deeply connected to the local land; the opposite of a popular culture

long-lot settlement pattern

A linear settlement pattern in which each farmstead is situated at one end of a long, narrow rectangular lot; each lot has access to a major linear resource, usually a river or a major road

material culture

The physical, visible objects made and used by members of a cultural group; includes buildings, furniture, clothing, food, artwork, and musical instruments

modernist architecture

A functional, rational, and orderly style for building designs

monotheistic

Relating to the belief in only one god

multiculturalism

A set of policies that promote the active participation and inclusion of minority groups in national histories, national politics, and cultural institutions with the goal of embracing difference within society

nonmaterial culture

Intangible elements of culture including a wide range of beliefs, values, myths, and symbolic meanings passed from generation to generation within a given society

orthodox religion

Religion that emphasizes purity of faith and is generally not open to blending with elements of other belief systems

permeable barriers

Barriers that slow diffusion but still allow some partial or weakened diffusion

physical landscape

All the natural physical surroundings that create and shape the places we are living in or examining

pidgin

A trade language, characterized by a very small vocabulary derived from the languages of at least two or more groups in contact

placelessness

The feeling resulting from the standardization of the built environment; occurs where local distinctiveness is erased and many places end up with similar cultural landscapes

placemaking

Efforts to use and design public places to better serve the needs of residents and to foster a stronger community

polyglot

A person who is fluent in more than two languages

polytheistic

Relating to the belief in many gods

popular culture

Heterogeneous culture that is more influenced by key urban areas and quick to adopt new technologies; the opposite of a local culture

postmodern architecture

A design style that is a reaction against modernist architecture; it has a flair for the dramatic, creating a spectacle while serving a variety of functions

proselytic

Describing a religion that spreads its message to others through missionary work

race

Historically defined by the physical characteristics of a group, especially skin color

religion

A structured set of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe

sacred spaces

Natural or human-made sites that possess religious meaning and are recognized as worthy of devotion, loyalty, fear, or esteem

secular

Less influenced or controlled by religion

secularization

The process whereby religion become a less dominant force in everyday life than it was in the past

sense of place

The distinctive feeling of a place, or a person’s perception of place

sequent occupance

Refers to the fact that many places have been controlled or affected by a variety of groups over a period of time; those groups have reshaped the functions or meanings of those places and left behind layers of meaning

subculture

A group of people with distinct norms, values, and material practices that differentiate them from the dominant culture surrounding them

syncretic religion

Religion that combines elements of two or more different belief systems

syncretism

The blending of beliefs, ideas, practices, and traits, especially in a religious context

time-space convergence

The phenomenon whereby the introduction of new transportation technologies progressively reduces the time it takes to travel between places

toponyms

The names given to places

transculturation

The notion that people adopt elements of other cultures as well as contribute elements of their own culture, thereby transforming both cultures

universalizing religion

A religion that actively seeks new members and believes its message has universal importance and application