personailty 3336

PCL-R and Psychopathy Checklist

both have four indices:

Interpersonal (e.g., conning, pathological lying)

Affective functioning (e.g., callousness, failure to accept responsibility);

Lifestyle (e.g., impulsive, parasitic, irresponsible);

Antisocial tendencies (e.g., poor behavioural controls and items that reflect serious, persistent, varied, generalized rule-breaking behaviour).

20 items
3-point scale

Psychopathy brain struture

Amygdala and orbital/ventrolateral frontal cortex implicated in emotional deficiency.

(probs genetic)

Core Machiavellianism

Manipulativeness
Callous affect
Strategic orientation

Mach-IV Inventory (Christie and Geis, 1970)

Highly subject to self-report biases
- machs will only report what they want others to know
BUT Results show normal distributions

'Cool Syndrome'

Not influenced by emotions, high impulse control related to machvelli

Blötner et al (2021): meta-analysis macheviv

Low affective empathy over 70 studies; mixed evidence surrounding cognitive
empathy

Finding that high machs use similar amounts of cognitive verbs to low machs, but drastically reduced
emotional verbs compared to low machs

Alexithymia

Diminished awareness of emotional experience

(apart of cool syndrome)

Psychopathy best predictor- core emtional decfict

Machiavellianism and Big-5

Negatively related to (moderate) agreeableness and (small) conscientiousness

Relationship Between the Dark Triad Traits (Paulhus & Williams, 2002) and 5 factor

Extraversion: Positively related to narcissism, psychopathy

Conscientiousness: Negatively related to Machiavellianism and psychopathy

Neuroticism: Negatively related to psychopathy

Openness: Narcissism and psychopathy positively related

Agreeableness: All negatively correlated with agreeableness

Muris et al (2017): meta-analysis dark triad

evil allies of personality

Is there a common core of the Dark Triad?

•Jones & Figueredo (2012): manipulation-callousness core
-each has differnt motivation.
-Narrcasism is ego reinforcement.
-Psychopaths (short term) and Machiavellians (long term): Instrumental and material gain

•Somma et al (2020): antagonism-moral disengagement core


•Dinić et al (2021): callousness-deceitfulness-grandiosity core

Relations to others dark triad

- Psychopathy (controlling for others) correlated with increased sexual partners, increased drug use, increased alcohol consumption, and cigarettes smoked

- Mach (controlling for others) correlated with sexual partners

- Narcissism (controlling for others) correlated with nothing

Assessing the Dark Triad

Dirty Dozen (Jonason & Webster, 2010)

VS

Short Dark Triad (SD3; Jones & Paulhus, 2014)
(more relaible)

Jonason et al. (2020): finding dark traid

better the conutry (money freedom less war)- less narrastic they are.

Scarcity hypothesis: Low resources encourage selfish competition


psychopathy- no counrty finding; probs genteic

Evolutionary Accounts dark triad

Social Parasites (cheating for status gain + fitness)

Cheater Strategy:
Psychopaths are pathological liars
- Most lies told: Psychs and machs (narr still do it tho)

Life History Theory:
some people have fast life stragerthy (short term mating)- only really for males so could explain why more males have it.
However, too simplistic. Not straigtehic like machvelli

The Dark Tetrad?

4th: Everyday Sadism (subclinical) (hurting people goood)
(carries unqiue variance)


5th: Spitefulness (i would take a punch if trump took two)

Psychoticism and internet

wanna have online only friends etc

Liu & Campbell (2017) Meta-Analysis Traits & cyberculture

- Extraversion and openness were most related to social network site (SNS) usage out of the Big-5 traits

no neurotism. narracsism aint there too

Liu & Baumeister, 2016 Meta-Analysis Traits & cyberculture

•SNS use higher among people with:
•↓ self-esteem; ↑ loneliness
↑ narcissism linked to all SNS activities:

link stronger in non western countries

Online Disinhibition Effect

Anonymity and invisibility reduces inhibition and social restraint on internet
- Benign disinhibition: Disinhibition which does not harm, e.g., being more likely to give to charity
- Toxic disinhibition: Disinhibition of sociality which harms (calling ugly)

Trolling

everything besides narracism incdiactes trolling- epsicall sadism

main pro and main con of internet anomimty

Internet anonymity can potentially help neurotic introverts, but also can provide a playground for
psychopaths and sadists

Self-Transcendence:

Losing oneself
Can signal mental health or mental pathology

Moor & Anderson (2019): Systematic review. Psychopathy and online behaviour

•Psychopathy strongest & most consistent personality predictor of all antisocial online behaviour

•Narcissism least related to antisocial online behaviour

Forces in Psychology

1st Force: Psychoanalysis
+
2nd Force: Behaviouralism
= no free will

3rd Force: Humanism
free will, humaity

4th force: Transpersonal Psychology
malows hiearchy of needs

=: Hedonic (pleasnt), eudemonic approach (fufilment + goals) - emphasis on positive psychology

Awe

Egocentricity reduces, interconnectedness increases

Lose boundary of being a separate self

prosocial behaviour increase

Self-Transcendent Experiences

- Less awareness of self
- Greater interconnection
- Reduced self-salience


•STEs differ in intensity
•Routine (getting absorbed in music or a book)
•Intense (feeling one with the universe)

Annihilational component: dissolution of bodily sense of self/reduction of self-boundaries/self-salience

•Relational component: sense of connectedness (oneness/connection to something beyond the self)

Light Triad of Personality is this

helps w narrcasism

- Dissociation may be a pathological form of STE

STEs confer benefit by reducing self-focus (assciocated w patholgy_)

Cloninger's Psychobiological Model

- Alternative to 5 factor model, accounts for psychopathology

4 dimensions of temperament (inherited dimensions)
o Novelty seeking (extraversion)
o Harm avoidance (neuroticism)
o Reward dependence (related to addiction)
o Persistence (conscientiousness)

3 dimensions of character (nurtured/developed dimensions based on social experiences)
o Self-directedness (purpose in life, drive)
o Cooperativeness (compassion)
o Self-transcendence (interconnectedness)

Character dimensions most related to psychological well-being- related to age

does self transcende predict whether is postive or negative to the individual

no. It depends on the self and the context of the self. thats where Cloninger's Psychobiological Model takes place.

Unitive consciousness:

Everything is part of the one unified thing

Self-Transcendence (ST) three factors and score

o Self-forgetfulness (reduced salience of self)
o Absorption
o Transpersonal (beyond the self)

- Self-forgetfulness and transpersonal decrease with age
- Spiritual acceptance increases with age

ST scire
o Low: oragnised
o High: creative

Komasi et al (2022): Meta-analysis of Cloninger's personality theory & psychopathology

•ST strongest associations with (in this order):
•Schizophrenia
•Schizotypal PD
•Schizoid PD
•Borderline PD
•Histrionic PD

Four dimensions of psychopathy

o Factor 1: Interpersonal, affective
▪ Interpersonal: Conning, lying
▪ Affective: Callousness, failure to accept responsibility
o Factor 2: Social deviance
▪ Lifestyle: Impulsivity, irresponsible
▪ Antisocial: Poor behavioural controls, rule-breaking

DID Neuroanatomy

o Smaller hippocampal volumes
▪ Perhaps limits memory consolidation
o Lower amygdala function
▪ Perhaps due to defence
o Lower parietal structure activation
▪ Reduced personal awareness

Trauma model of DID

Complex fuced childhood trauma

Dalenberg et al. 2012 Review;
trauma is nessacry for DID to occur

Neurobiological evidence: Overlap between DID and PTSD. DID may be more severe PTSD?

western vs buddist thearpy

•Western therapy: Strengthening the independent ego/self; finding 'true self'

•Buddhist therapy: Dissolving the experience of the self-as separate-entity & replacing it with feeling of interconnectedness

personailty persepctives

- Self-theory


- Trait theory
predispostions that are stable

- Socio-psychological theory
cogs processes, social learning

- Psychodynamic theory
childhood experiences, relationships, defence mechanisms

Integrative Definition of Personality

Unique variation on a pattern of traits, adaptations and life stories situated in culture

Need to address continuity, change, and adaptation

- Nomothetic (generalised, 5ffm) and idiographic (individual) approaches
- Five Principles
o Evolution/human nature
o Traits
o Characteristic adaptations
o Life narratives and identity
o Culture

McAdam's Triad

Dispositional trait
Lexical Hypothesis: Descriptive words we use hint towards dimensions of personality (stable, etc)

Eysenck's Account: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism

Big-5

(traits) (nonmotehic)



characteristic adaptions

Goals, motives, values, beliefs,




narrative identity as life story
Identity shaped by culture, experiences, meaning of life.

McAdams: Individuals expected to work on their unique personhood; self-improvement; Developing our
identity is part of modern societal expectations

Replicability Crisis

meta anayalis be good. but sometimes corrupt.

Fiske (2002) culture is

learned
shared
dynamic
systemic
symbolic

Cultural Dimensions (Hofstede

o Uncertainty avoidance

o Individualism and collectivism

o Power distance: Egalitarianism vs. non-egalitarianism (poor vs rich)

o Masculine vs. feminine: Achievement vs. care

o Long-term orientation: Holding to tradition

bipolar unidimensional continua- black and white. can only be collective or individual.

Bandura thinks we have a bit of both

Is Culture Pervasive?

Absolutely - the longer we spend in a culture, the more invisible it becomes

Influences on cultures

o Unconscious influences
o Socialisation, early learning experiences
o Media influences, norms
o Values and ethics

Cultural Self Patterns:

Independent Self-Schema: Primary referent is one's own thoughts, feelings, actions

Interdependent Self-Schema: Self is connected or related to others

Horizontal & Vertical collectivism

- Horizontal Individualism/Collectivism: Everyone is relatively egalitarian
- Vertical Individualism/Collectivism: Everyone is in a hierarchy

Beller & Wagner (2020): metanaylsis on loneliness

Loneliness has greater negative impacts on wellbeing in collectivist countries than individualist countries

but all european and correlational results

Oysterman et al., (2002): Meta-analysis collective vs individual

- Mixed evidence on influence of collectivism vs. individualism

- Perhaps because culture is being equated with nation, whereas one nation can have great within-
nation deviations

small difference in individualism between Japan and US

found it higher in US collectivism than japan.

Less reliable scales found no differences between nations

Bandura theory

Social Cognitive theory

- Emphasis on social learning and culture in personality development

Reciprocal Determinism: Person, environment, behaviour relation

Culture critical= We learn through observing others

All agencies are present cross-culturally -
Bandura says that group vs. personal identity is a false dichotomy!


Biogolgy is stronger than cultural
:Experience shapes biological potentials

Types of Agency

Personal agency
Proxy agency: Influencing others
Collective agency: Group action

CHEW

metaanyslis on gaming and five factor model- in cyberbullying pls put in!

Intracultural Diversity + is it nomral disturbited

Collectivists and individualists can exist within a singular society

We share more similarities than we have differences between cultures

Self-Culture Interaction:

We are products and producers of culture

Lexical Hypothesis:

Differences in personality are embedded in our language

FFM Judge et al. (2002): meta-analysis

•↓N ↑E associated with job satisfaction

FFM Malouff et al. (2005): meta-analysis

•↑N ↓C, A, E associated with clinical disorders

Poropat (2009): meta-analysis (N = 70,926)

C predictor of uni performance, independent of 'intelligence'

One study: Tsimane Big Two

before found that FFM are stable across cultures

but indigenous cultures have higher : pro-sociality & industriousness (devoted effort)

Geography of Personality

Traits shape culture

Allik & McCrae, 2004 geo personailty differences

"... people who live farther from the equator tend to be more outgoing but less dutiful

o Equator latitude regions were lower in extraversion and higher in conscientiousness

Allik et al., 2017: Multidimensional Scaling

▪ Euro-American: High extraversion openness
▪ Asian-African: Introversion & closeness

- Perhaps differences between cultures is due to different self-report styles

o Solution is to use observers from outside the culture = Shows similar findings to self-report

comparing countries have small effect on differing personailities compared to sample differences

Balestri et al (2014) meta anyalsis genetics

no consensus on role of genes, even tho other studies say its a big varience factor bwteen countries.

Evoltion Personailty : Core assumptions

Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection:

Distal vs. Proximal Explanations
Distal (how it is deveolped over generations) vs. Proximal (personailty deveolps within lifespan)
* Evoloved responses may not have caught up with evoultion (flight or fright)

Interactionist Framework: Born with preferences/biases which interact with environment; (environment shapes genes)

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness (EEA): - we are an outcome of ancient selective processes

Perceptual biases:

Spotting differences over similarities

Preparedness

Fear of heights, snakes, strangers
o Easier to condition fear to evolutionarily dangerous things

Buss, 1989 EP men and women

•Females prefer wealthy men & males prefer young, buxom women

Transmitted culture

•cultural differences transmitted across individuals/groups (eg ideas & beliefs)
generation

Evolutionary psychology accounts for this

Evoked culture:

cultural differences evoked by different environments •(eg pathogens)

Evolutionary psychology accounts for this

Ovulatory perceptual shift:

Mate preference varies across menstrual cycle

Female 'dual strategy': Conception & ovulation

Women during fertile phase look for high-testosterone, masculine, dominant, and symmetric men

Masculine yet mean looking men are perceived to be better potential fathers (more invested/committed) during ovulation. No effect on perceived attractiveness, social status, financial status

Gangestad & Buss and beauty

pathogen prevelance has bigger emphahsi on atrraction the gender equailty

Problems with DSMs Categorical Model

- Massive co-occurrence of personality disorders

- Extreme heterogeneity
E.g., BPD can be diagnosed 256 different ways

- Poor inter-rater reliability

- Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified is most diagnosed PD

Schizoid

Social detachment, restricted emotional expression

Schizotypal:

Discomfort in close relationships, cognitive/perceptual distortions, eccentric behaviour

From DSM-IV to DSM-V personailty disorders

Personality disorders changed from being in a separate axis (Axis 1: Clinical Disorders; Axis 2: Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation) to getting rid of axial system

axixal model made disorders seem untreatble

Egosyntonic

iPersonality disorders are central to the self/in line with how one sees oneself

Disease model

dstinct categories with specified symptoms

Dimensional Model

Maladaptive variants of personality traits

DSM-V- unclear, confusing and new

Hybrid Model:Combining categories and dimensions

clusters of personailty

A: Weird, odd, eccentric
paranoid
szicohd- austim, detached from emotions
Schizotypal- uncomfortable in close relationships


B: Wild, dramatic, emotional
Antisocial- disregard others
Borderline:
Histrionic- high combrimdby to other cluster B
Narcissistic-

ABUSE STRONGLY CORRELATED

C: Worried, anxious, fearful
Avoidant: Socially inhibited, scared of negative evaluation, avoids social situations
Dependent: clingy
Obsessive-compulsive: perfectism, control (hoarders)

Appendix Disorders

- Passive-Aggressive personality disorder
- Depressive personality disorder

Continuum/Trait Approach for PD

Doesn't seem to be a clear personality profile for BPD based on trait continuums

FFM5

Trait Measurement in Therapy- will help

Alternative Model for DSM-5 Personality Disorders

Criterion A: Impaired personality functioning


Criterion B: Pathological personality traits
Five domains
o Neuroticism Negative affectivity
o Extraversion Detachment
o Openness Psychoticism
o Agreeableness Antagonism
o Conscientiousness Disinhibition

Hybrid Model: Using criteria A and B to identify specific PDs:
•No Paranoid, Schizoid, Dependent, Histrionic

Winsper et al. (2020): systematic review & meta-analysis in PD

•PDs: High income > Low income counties
•Cluster B & C less common in Low income countries

BPD and ASPD increased in US over last 30 years

- Caldwell-Harris & Aycicegi, 2006 PD

If your value system mismatches your culture, there seems to be greater personality
pathology

o Individualistic persons in individualistic cultures have less avoidant/dependent pathology
o Collectivistic persons in individualistic cultures have more avoidant/dependent pathology

Borderline history

BPD originally described the 'borderline' between neurosis and psychosis

Attachment Theory and BPD

adult ****s u up when upbringing giving 'disorganised' attachment.

approach-avoidance

unique ecology

reaction to tramua

Freud's Two Models of Trauma

Unbearable situational model: Such an emotional event that it overwhelms the
mind, the ego, leading to repression

Conflict model: Not overwhelmed, but have competing desires leading to repression

Shell Shock- two classes

Unresponsive, dazed, apathetic
Over-responsive, fearful, easily started

Criticisms of Trauma Research

- might trivalise tramua now that tramua def has expanded

-Haslam (2016): Concept creep: we shouldnt water down tramua into everyday langugae

Horizontal expansion: Including new concepts in definition of 'trauma'

Vertical expansion: Including less 'traumatic' concepts which meet threshold for trauma

Difficulties with Trauma Research

causaltiy (correlational), cant predict outcomes as they manifest differently, Retrospective studies

Ecology

Science of interrelationship between organism and environment

Ecology of Trauma Model

Person x event x environment

Factors for PSTD

o Severity
o Duration
o Proximity
o Type: Interpersonal (e.g., violence) vs. nonpersonal (e.g., earthquake)

Risk factor meta-analysis (Brewin et al., 2000) PTSD

Major contributing factors to PTSD AFTER TRUMA
▪ Trauma severity
▪ Lack of social support
▪ Life stress

Psychological traumatisation involves:

(i) the objective aspects of the events;
(ii) an individual & their reactions;
(iii) the acute & chronic effects than can follow

Trauma and Attachment Theory

Attachment Theory

Universality hypothesis: All normal infants are motivated to seek proximity/develop
attachment

o Normative hypothesis: Children develop secure attachments in healthy environments -
majority will experience this
o Sensitivity hypothesis: Secure attachment depends on sensitive parenting - parents who can
appropriately read and meet needs of infant
o Competence hypothesis: Secure attachments lead to more positive outcomes
▪ Impact personality and later relationships

Internal Working Model:

Children develop beliefs/mental representations based on caregiver interactions

Being rejected by caregiver when feeling upset can develop unhelpful internal working model that other people will not support us

Mentalisation

capacity to understand selves and others by mental state

o Secure attachment important for development of mentalisation

o Similar to theory of mind (ToM)

Mirroring why its helpful

o Subjectivity: Being an individual
o Affective self: Understanding and regulation of emotion
o Self-object differentiation: Seeing oneself as separate from others