Final Exam Review: Pathophysiology II

Key vocabulary terms and definitions related to Pathophysiology II lecture content.

Salivary amylase (Ptyalin)

An enzyme secreted by the salivary gland that begins the process of starch digestion.

Pepsinogen

An inactive precursor of pepsin secreted by gastric glands, activated by stomach acid.

HCl

Hydrochloric acid secreted by parietal cells in the stomach that aids digestion and maintains pH.

Secretin

A hormone secreted by the intestinal epithelium that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A hormone that triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder to aid in fat digestion.

Myenteric plexus

A nerve plexus located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract that controls GI motility.

Gastrin

A hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion and promotes gastric motility.

Diarrhea

An increase in the frequency of bowel movements, characterized by loose, watery stools.

Hepatocellular failure

A condition where liver cells fail to perform their functions, leading to symptoms such as jaundice and decreased clotting factors.

Portal hypertension

Increased blood pressure in the portal venous system, which can lead to complications like varices and ascites.

Viral hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections, with different types (A, B, C, D, E) varying in transmission and severity.

Hyperglycemia

An elevated level of glucose in the blood, often associated with diabetes.

Hypoglycemia

A condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels, leading to symptoms like tremors and confusion.

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A demyelinating disease of the CNS characterized by exacerbations and remissions of neurological symptoms.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

Open-angle glaucoma

A type of glaucoma with a gradual increase in intraocular pressure, often asymptomatic until vision is affected.

Closed-angle glaucoma

A type of glaucoma that presents suddenly with symptoms including headache and visual disturbances, requiring emergency treatment.

Alzheimer's Disease

A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss, diagnosed through clinical assessment and ruling out other causes.

Parkinson's Disease

A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopamine deficiency, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors and rigidity.