Bio Clep

Evolution

Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix

Biology

The scientific study of life

Eukaryotic Cell

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.

Biosphere

The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.

Ecosystems

All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them

Community

All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.

Population

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.

Organism

a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature

Organs

A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.

Organ Systems

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

Tissues

An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.

Organelles

Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

Cell

The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Negative Feedback

A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.

Positive Feedback

A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.

Adaptation

Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?

1. Order

2. Regulation

3. Energy Processing

4. Evolutionary Adaptation

5. Response to the Environment

6. Reproduction

7. Growth and Development

Metabolism

The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.

What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaea

Domain Eukarya

What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?

Plantae

Animalia

Fungi

Protista

What are Bacteria?

All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls

What is the Theory of Natural Selection?

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?

Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.

Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life

What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?

DNA

What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?

A Population

How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?

A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus

How would you define a prokaryotic cell?

A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles

What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life

1. Order

2. Regulation

3. Energy Processing

4. Evolutionary Adaptation

5. Response to the Environment

6. Reproduction

7. Growth and Development

What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?

1. Biosphere

2. Ecosystem

3. Communities

4. Populations

5. Organisms

6. Organs and Organ Systems

7. Tissues

8. Cells

9. Organelles

10. Molecules

Cell

The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life

Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?

Archaea

The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from….

The sun

Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?

Fungi

Primary Structure

-Sequence of AAs attached by peptide bonds

Secondary Structure

• Arises through hydrogen bonding between carbonyl oxygen and amino hydrogens located on the peptide backbone (main chain)

• Two most common are alpha helices and beta sheets

• DOES NOT involve H-bonding of side chains, but the type of secondary structure that's formed can be influenced by side chains

Tertiary Structure

• Refers to interactions of secondary structures

• Side chain and main chain H-bonding are important - Also ionic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals

Quaternary Structure

• Interactions between different polypeptide chains

• Interactions mediated by same forces important for tertiary structure

• Relative orientation of subunits can change to regulate function of the complex

Interactions Governing S,T, and Q Structures of Protein

1. H-Bonds

• Especially important for secondary structure

2. Ionic

• Between side chains of charged AAs - "salt bridges"

3. Hydrophobic

• Hydrophobic side chains exclude water and get packed together - E favorable, an entropic effect

4. Van der Waals - not strong on own but yes in aggregate

• Between any two atoms

• Important in tightly packed regions of the protein

H-Bonding in an Alpha Helix

• Alpha helix stabilized by main chain H-bonds

• Occurs between every fourth residue (red arrows)

• Happens between partially negative O and hydrogens on partially positive N (due to partial double bond character of peptide bond)

• Turns once ever 3.6 AAs

• Though side chains ARE NOT directly involved in forming H-bonds, the nature of the side chain helps determine which secondary structure will form

Structure of Alpha Helix

• All opportunities for H-bonding in a peptide backbone are satisfied