UNIT 6 WORLD HISTORY VOCAB

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

Rashidun

Caliphate that succeeded after Muhammad's death, peak of Islamic power + had 4 great leaders (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman Ibn Affan, and Ali)

Umayyad

1st Caliphate formed under Mu'awiya. upper-class clan/tribe of Quraysh. ruled the Muslim world from 661-750, established stability/centralization, continued military expansion and an Islamic dynasty.

Abbasid

Second Islamic Caliphate, led by a relative of the prophet against the Umayyads. This Dynasty replaced Umayyads as caliphs 750, created more inclusive society because it: - Opened madrasas, or schools, to popularize their teachings - Tried to break down distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims - Allowed everyone to hold civil/military offices - Allowed people to intermarry with conquered peoples

Caliph

title of Military/political leader or ruler of the Muslim community after Muhammad's death.

Qu'ran

Sacred writings of Islam, translates to recitation.

Razzia

Traditional raiding done by Bedouin tribes against others or on trade caravans for conquest/plunder/slaves.

Jihad

A "holy struggle" or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual struggle to improve one's self. also known as holy war.

Ahl al-Kitab

People of the Book: Christians, and Jews, were a part of this same monotheistic Abrahamic religious tradition that Muslims believe in

Battle of Karbala

Civil war between Sunni + Shi'ite Muslims, Shi'ites led by Hussein vs. Sunnis/Umayyad caliphate + it created factionalism between the Shi'ites and the Sunnis that still exists today.

Sunni

Translates to 'orthodox' believed that Muhammad's successor should be Abu Bakr.

Shi'ite

Meaning partisans of Ali, believed Ali should be the successor.

Harun al-Rashid

5th Abbasid caliph during the Golden age in the 9th century of peaceful prosperity + great rulers.

House of Wisdom

Combination library, academy, and translation (of Greek writing) center in Baghdad established in the 800s.

Andalusia

Leading area for thriving Muslim culture when Baghdad declined.

Mosque of Cordoba

Provided a model example of advances in Muslim culture. Qibla = wall + horseshoe arch, indicates how to pray facing Mecca.

Alhambra

Cordoba Caliph's palace in Granada. Uses reflecting pools, gardens, and foundations + represents the blending of Christian and Islamic beliefs (syncretism).

Reconquista

Christian kingdoms in N. Spain conquered Andalusian territory in military campaigns b/c they considered Muslim rule bad. They were successful b/c retook all of Spain from the Muslims except for Granada.

Ibn Sina

Wrote Canon of Medicine to help spread health-care learning.

Allah

Arabic word for God. Same God as Jews and Christians.

bedouins

nomadic Arabs living in the desert, made living by herding and raiding.

Caliphate

Islamic dynasty/region/territory

Hajj

5th pillar of Islam. Pilgrimage to Mecca to be made at least once in a lifetime if possible

Hashemite

middle class clan of Quraysh tribe, Muhammad was part of this clan

Hijaz region

western edge of Arabian Peninsula

Hegira

a journey or emigration (leaving ones own country) when Muhammad and his followers fled to Mecca for Medina.

Islam

Submission to Allah (God)

Kaaba

The most sacred shrine of Islam containing the black stone (meteorite) located in Mecca., Site of pilgrimage.

Quran

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

Hegira

Muhammad's migration to Medina in 622 CE.

Re-capture of Mecca

Muhammad and army reclaim Mecca in 630 CE.

Death of Muhammad

Muhammad passed away in 632 CE.

Umayyad Caliphate

Period from 661 to 750 CE of Umayyad rule.

Battle of Karbala

680 CE conflict; Shi'ites defeated by Sunnis.

Battle of Tours

732 CE; Franks halt Muslim expansion into Europe.

Baghdad's Golden Age

Cultural flourishing under Harun al-Rashid, 700s-800s.

Mongol conquest of Baghdad

1258 CE; end of the 'Abbasid Caliphate.

Babur's conquest of India

Early 1500s; Muslims conquer northern India.

622 CE

The Hegira; Muhammad and followers move to Medina

630 CE

Muhammad and army re-capture Mecca

632 CE

Death of Muhammad

638 CE

Jerusalem taken by Muslim armies

661 - 750 CE

Umayyad Caliphate

680 CE

Battle of Karbala; Shi'ites defeated by Sunnis

711 CE

Muslim armies cross Strait of Gibraltar into Spain

Later 700's-early 800's

Baghdad's Golden Age under Harun al-Rashid

1258 CE

Mongol conquest of Baghdad / 'Abbasid Caliphate

Early 1500's

Muslims led by Babur conquer northern India

Quraysh

Powerful/dominate tribe in Mecca and western part of Arabia during Muhammad's lifetime

Rashidan

"rightly guided ones." The first 4 caliphs after the Prophet's death.

Ramadan

Holy month in Islam, month when Muhammad first received revelations from God/Allah

Salah

2nd pillar of Islam

daily prayer, 5 times a day

Sawm

4th Pillar of Islam: Fasting (not eating or drinking during the day) during the month of Ramadan

Shahadah

1st pillar of Islam; delcaration of faith to Allah. There is no God but Allah and Muhammmad is his Prophet.

Sharia

Islamic law. There are many versions of Islamic law worldwide,

Zakat

3rd Pillar of Islam. giving to the poor. Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims

5 Pillars of Islam

Shahada: The declaration of faith, or testimony of faith

Salah: The act of prayer

Zakat: The act of giving alms or charitable donations

Sawm: The act of fasting

Hajj: The act of making a pilgrimage

Ulama

Muslim religious scholars that interpret doctrine, beliefs and law based on the study of the Quran and Hadith.

Umma

community of believers. The entire Muslim community