Syntax - AP Lang

Test after break

telegraphic

sentence thats shorter than 5 words

• omits: the, in, on, am, are, and, but

• ¨Will arrive tomorrow 5pm¨

Short

sentence with ~5 words

• ¨She exercises every morning¨

Medium

Sentence with ~18 words

• ¨The big brown cat sat on the mat and watched the birds flying around the yard outside¨

Long

long and involved sentece with ~30 words or more

• used to show vivid detail

Declarative

asserting something

The king is sick.

Imperative

gives a command (authoritative)

Cure the king!

Interrogative

Questioning

Is the king sick?

Exclamatory

Emotional

The king is dead; long live the king!

Simple sentence

contains one subject and one verb

has only one main, complete though

• The singer bowed to her adoring audience

compound sentence

contains 2 independent clauses joined by a but, and, or, or semicolon

has 2+ main complete thoughts

• The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no encores

complex sentence

has one simple sentence and one or more clauses

clauses connected to the simple with because, while, when, if, as, although, since, unless, after, so, which, who, that

• after she bowed to the audience, the singer sang an encore

compound-complex sentence

contains 2 or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

• the singer bowed while the audience applauded, but she sang no encores

Loose/cumulative sentence

makes complete sense if brough to a close before the actual ending

• We reached Edmonton after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences

Periodic sentence

makes sense only when the end of the senetece is reached

• after a tubulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton

Balanced sentence

the phrases and clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length

• He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me beside the still waters

Formula for a loose/cumulative sentence

Main clause + parallel dependent phrase

• we reached Edmonton after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences

Formula for a periodic sentence

Parallel Dependent clause + main clause

• after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton

Natural order of a sentence

involves contructing a sentence so the subject comes before the predicate

• oranges grow in California

Sentence inversion

involves constructing a sentecne so the predicate comes before the subject (used to create an emphatic/rhythmic effect)

• in california grow oranges

Split order of a sentence

divides the predicate into 2 parts with the subject coming in the middle

• In california oranges grow