CHAPTERS 2.9 AND 2.10 - AP HUG Unit 2 Test

a country develops an aging population when…

TFR drops below replacement level (2.1)

Life expectancy increases

families have fewer children

women delay childbirth

examples of countries with aging populations

japan, italy, south korea, germany

countries with higher percentages of older people face issues like…

higher healthcare costs

pension and retirement strain

labor shortages

need for immigration or automation

high dependency ratio

changing political priorities

how do governments respond to aging populations?

they create pro-natalist policies (france, singapore)

raise retirement age

encourage immigration for workers

supporting working mothers (childcare, paid leave)

investing in healthcare for seniors

political impacts of aging populations 

older people may vote different than younger people, many older people vote so they have more power

social impacts of aging populations

it’s harder for families to care for their elderly family members, but retired grandparents can help raise grandchildren

economic impacts of aging populations

aging countries may invest in services for the elderly that could reduce the investments made to other services. benefits include the elderly volunteering and continuing to work which results in more jobs and services for other workers

what are push and pull factors?

push - reasons people leave an area
pull - reasons people are drawn to a new area 

examples of push factors

war or violence, lack of jobs/poverty, natural disasters, drought, political persecution

examples of pull factors

better jobs, higher pay, safety/political freedom, education, healthcare, family reunification

examples of intervening obstacles that migrants may face

not enough money, can’t get a visa, can’t cross an ocean or desert