history mid term

What are our natural rights, and who created them?

Life, Liberty, Property - created by John Locke

John Locke’s idea of the social contract

If a monarch violated the natural rights, people had to revolt and establish a new government

What grievances (complaints) did the colonists have against King George III and express in the Declaration of Independence?

Taxation with representation, denied colonists representation, maintained standing armies, forced colonists to house British soldiers, interfered with colonial self-government, restricted trade, denied colonists the right to a fair trade

In what ways did the Northwest Ordinance influence the Constitution and future of the nation?

Provided a pattern for new states to be accepted into the union on equal footing with existing states, promoted education, provided protection for basic individual rights later to be included in the bill of rights, prohibited the extension of slavery into territory, state governments were to be republican in structure

What were the Articles of Confederation?

The 1st written document uniting 13 original states until ratification

State power > federal power

What were the specific problems with the Articles of Confederation?

Hard to amend(change), federal government could not make national laws that states were forced to obey, no executive branch(president), no judicial branch(federal courts), federal government could not regulate trade between states, could not force citizens to pay taxes to the federal government, federal government could not force people to serve in the military

In what ways did the constitution strengthen the structure of the national government?

Establishing three branches with checks and balances, giving Congress power to tax in regulate trade, and allowing a stronger federal government to enforce laws and maintain order

Federalism

Political system where power is shared between the national(or federal) government and state government

federalist papers

A list of essays written to support the ratification of the constitution

Federalists view on national defense

Supported a strong national army and Navy

Anti-federalists views on national defense

Preferred state militias

Federalists views on taxation

Believed government needed the power to tax

Anti-federalists views on taxation

Believed taxation would be abused and burden to citizens

Federalists views on the executive branch

Favored a strong executive (president)

Anti-federalists views on the executive branch

Feared the president would become more like a king

Federalist opinions on the Bill of Rights

Believed a Bill of Rights was unnecessary

Anti-federalists opinions on the Bill of Rights

Believed a Bill of Rights was essential

what was the compromise that the federalists and the anti-federalists made on the Bill of Rights?

The constitution would be ratified first, and then a Bill of Rights would be added as amendments

In what ways did the constitution limit the power of the federal government?

by dividing powers between the federal and state governments, protecting a individual rights through the Bill of Rights, and using checks and balances to prevent a specific branch from becoming to powerful

13th amendment

Abolished slavery

14th amendment

Equal protection under law

15th amendment

All adult males over the age of 21 were given the right to vote

Significance of Plessy v Ferguson

It justified segregation - “Separate but equal”

Jim Crow laws

Laws that required the separation of whites and blacks

Miscegenation laws

State laws that made it illegal to marry someone from a different race

KKK goals

To keep all newly freed slaves away from voting booths, scare away African Americans, restore white supremacy

How did the KKK go about their goals

Intimidating, threatening, using violence

What did democrats and republicans agree on in the compromise of 1877

To prevent a 2nd civil war, democrats agreed to accept Hayes as the president

What did the homestead act do

It provided 160 acres in the West to any citizen or intended citizen who was the head of a household and would cultivate the land for 5 years

Purpose of the Dawes act

To assimilate Indians into white culture

What were the Indian residential schools trying to accomplish

Government run schools that aimed to assimilate Native American children by separating them from their families and cultures

Battle of Little Bighorn

Conflict between the U.S. army and Native American tribes

The significance of the battle of Little Bighorn

It was a rare and major Native American victory over the U.S army

Ghost dance movement

Native American religious ceremony, created around 1870, to remove non-Indians, restore the buffalo, and return life to their dead tribal ancestors

Significance of wounded knee

It is seen as the symbolic end of the Indian wars

What is the connection between immigration and industrialization of the late 19th century?

immigration fueled industrial growth, industrialization created many factory and railroad jobs which attracted more immigrants

Nativism

Favoring native-born people over immigrants, often expressed with laws that stop or slow immigration

Chinese exclusion act

Prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the United States

Purpose of the 1924 immigration act

Instituted a quota system, which limited immigration based on a persons country of origin, Aimed to keep southern and Eastern Europeans out of the U.S

Quota system

It limited how many immigrants could enter the country from each nation

Tenements

Multi-family urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary

Cultural diffusion

The spread of the beliefs and social activities of one culture to a different culture

How does immigration create cultural diffusion

As immigrants came to the U.S they spread new cultural traits to the country

7 innovations developed during age of industrialization

Electric washing machine, telephone, phonograph, incandescent light bulb, skyscraper, automobile, airplane

Urbanization

Process where more people move from rural areas to the city to live and work

How did Andrew Carnegie become one of the richest men in America

Steel manufacturing

How did John D. Rockefeller become wealthy

Oil industry

Laissez-faire

Economic theory that claims a nations economy is strongest when it has little to no regulation by the government

How did monopolies and trusts harm consumers

By eliminating competition which let companies control the market

Why did labor unions begin to organize in the late 19th century

Low wages, long hours, unsafe working conditions, child labor

Organized groups that controlled political parties in cities, often using rewards and favors to maintain power and influence

Political machines

Collective bargaining

Union representatives meet with employers to try to reach agreements on issues such as wages, healthcare, etc…

Cause of homestead strike and lockout

Carnegie steel cut wages and tried to break the workers union

Sherman anti trust act

A law passed to stop big companies from creating monopolies and unfairly controlling markets, promoting competition instead

Result of homestead strike and lockout

the strike failed, and the union lost power, weakening labor unions in the steel industry for years

How did scientific management help American businesses

It broke the production process down into separate movements and redesign the work process to make it more efficient

What was the goal of the progressive movement

To fix social, political, and economic problems caused by industrialization and urbanization

What is a muckraker

Journalist who uncovers misconduct and/or corruption in politics, business, or society

What was The Jungle about? Who wrote it?

Meatpacking plants

Written by Upton Sinclair

What laws were passed after The Jungle was published

Meat inspection act, pure food and drug act

What problem did Lewis Hine use photography to expose

Child labor laws and labor reforms

What problem did Jacob Riis expose

The tenements were very unsanitary and packed tight with people and trash

Secret ballot

Voting method in which a voters choices in an election are anonymous, preventing attempts to influence the voter by intimidation and potential vote buying

17th amendment

Gave citizens, instead of state legislators, the right to directly elect their senators

Which president set aside the most land for the creation of national parks

Teddy Roosevelt

Imperialism

When a stronger nation, for its own benefit, extends its economic, political, and/or military influence over weaker territories

Isolationism

When a nation devotes all its resources to its own advancement and remaining at peace by avoiding foreign in alliances and responsibilities

For what reasons did nations engage in imperialism during the late 1800s/ early 1900s

Spread their culture and belief’s, increase their political and military power, compete with other countries for global influence, gain new markets and resources for their industries

Social Darwinism

Belief that certain races and nations were genetically superior and destined to rule over “inferior” peoples and cultures

Big stick diplomacy

Teddy Roosevelts foreign policy while he was president

Would try to negotiate peacefully but would show its military strength as a backup to enforce its interest (to threaten them)

Causes of the 1898 Spanish American war

Explosion of the U.S.S Maine in Cuban harbor, Spanish reconcentration camps, yellow journalism

What new lands did the U.S gain from the Spanish-American war through the treaty of Paris

Guam, Puerto Rico, and they sold the Philippians to the U.S

Why did the U.S want to build the Panama Canal

To have a faster route between the Atlantic and pacific oceans for trade and military purposes

Why did the U.S. want control of Hawaii?

Military and trade, naval base and pacific, sugar plants.

Causes of WWI in Europe - M.A.N.I.A.

Militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, assassination(the spark).

Submarine warfare

One of the reasons why the U.S. entered WWI

How did Germany’s use of submarine warfare impact America?

Lusitania - a British passenger ship sunk in 1915.

Zimmerman telegram

Telegram written by German foreign minister about an alliance between Germany and Mexico if the United States entered the war against Germany

President Wilson’s main goal at the Paris peace conference

World peace after WWI

Why is the Treaty of Versailles often seen as a cause of WWII

The treaty’s harsh treatment of Germany made them want revenge

Why did the U.S. Senate refuse to sign and ratify the Treaty of Versailles

Republicans did not want the U.S. to approve it because it would have to join the League of Nations which might force the U.S. to fight in wars it didn’t support and/or keep America from strengthening it’s economy

How did America’s participation in WWI show it was becoming a world power

America changed the outcome of the war and mobilized a strong army and navy

Symptoms of Spanish influenza

Mohogany spots over their cheekbones, cynosis extending from their ears and face and death

Worldwide and U.S. deaths from Spanish influenza

Worldwide deaths : fifty million to one hundred million

U.S. deaths : six hundred seventy five thousand (675,000)

19th amendment

Woman’s sufferage

What were Americans afraid of during the first red scare

They feared that communists and supporters of other non-democratic forms of government within the United States would take over the country

Results of the 1st red scare

Louis F. Post concealed more than 1,500 deportations and released nearly half of those in custody, riots, violation of civil liberty (freedom of speech), palmer raids, stricter immigration laws

How did the kkk expand it’s intolerance when they reemerged in the early 20th century

Preserved white supremacy, protected U.S. from foreign and/or radical elements (Jews, Roman Catholics, communists, anarchists)

What happened during the great migration and why?

Hundreds of thousands of African amercans moved from rural south to big cities in the north and west to find jobs and escape racism

Negative results of the great migration

Urban race riots, 38 were killed; 23 were black, 15 were white, over 500 wounded

Positive results of the great migration

Harlem renaissance; established jazz, gave African Americans pride in their culture, undermined a racist belief that African Americans were intellectually inferior to whites

Harlem renaissance

A period when African American artists creatively centered in the Harlem community of NYC

Impact Henry ford had on the United States

He made an automobile that was affordable for the average American family which allowed people to go wherever they wanted to to and allowed people to live not right by their work

Scopes trial

Trial for illegally teaching the theory of evolution, trial became a national sensation, if guilty - $100 fine

Who was the person who illegally taught evolution

John Scopes

Who were two Italian immigrants and anarchists who were controversially convicted of robbery in murder in the 1920s

Sacco and Vanzetti

Why was prohibition enacted

People believed alchohol was causing all of the problems in peoples lives

Which Amendment enacted prohibition and which Amendment repealed prohibition

18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st.

Results of prohibition

Creation of organized crime, increased female alcoholism, political corruption - hypercritical politicians who publically supported prohibition, but drank at speakeasy’s, corruption in police force

How did Henry Ford transform the automobile industry

He stated a system called the production line to make it quicker and easier