Studied by 2 peopleanimism
belief that objects in nature, like plants and rivers, have spirits
egalitarian
believing in the social and economic equality of all people
patriarchy
government controlled by men
why did people migrate from East Africa
in search of food
how did the first humans gather food
hunting gathering and foraging
agricultural revolution (8000 BCE)
post ice age people started growing crops and raising animals for food
effects of the agricultural revolution
population growth, new technology (irrigation, the wheel), established gov and economy, accumulation of wealth, creation of social classes based off wealth, people had set skills and jobs
city-state
a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state
Mesopotamia
tigris and euphrates rivers, patriarchal city-states, polytheistic, religious temples (ziggurats), first written language (cuneiform)
Ancient Egypt
nile river, centralized gov (pharaoh), polytheistic, built pyramids, women were legally equal to men, hierglyphics
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
indus river, polytheistic, indoor plumbing and urban planning
Huang He
yellow river, centralized government, polytheistic and emphasized honoring ancestors
civilizations in the Americas
Olmec and Chavin
Hinduism
native to India/ Pakistan, monotheistic, follows the Vedas, believe in reincarnation until spiritual advancement, caste system
Zoroastrianism
native to Iran, monotheistic, focuses on free will and the mutually exclusive existence of good and evil
Judaism
native to Israel, monotheistic, follows the Old Testament, believes devotion to their god will make them the chosen people
centralized government
power is held by a single entity or authority
castes
social groups into which people are born and can not change (priests - warriors - merchants - laborers - peasants)
Empires of the classical era
byzantine, greek, gupta, han, mauryan, mayan, persian, roman, qin
silk roads
network of trading routes that expanded from China to Italy
origins of buddhism
Gautama wanted to understand why people were suffering and meditated until he was enlightened with the answer
teaching of buddhism
4 noble truths, 8 fold paths
why was buddhism popular
it didn’t follow the caste system so those of lower castes gravitated towards it
mandate of heaven
an emperors power was granted by the heavens, and if the heavens disapproved of the emperor they would show it by causing natural disasters
Confucianism
emphasized the duty of honoring ones ancestors and respecting your elders
Daoism
focused on living in harmony with nature and internal reflection
Persia (Iran)
ruled by Cyrus the Great, ethnically and religiously diverse
Greece
made up of approx 1000 city-states, multiple leaders, worshipped many deities, Athens created democracy
Rome
influenced by Greek culture and religion, written laws, innocent until proven guilty, introduced representative government, women had the right to inherit property
entrepot
coastal trading center
Teotihuacan and Maya
meso american cities in mexico, developed complex written language and worshipped sun and moon gods
What helped the silk roads reach their first golden age
stirrups and saddles that made riding horses and camels easier, improvement in ship and sail design
What caused the decline in power in most classical era empires
disease, decrease in national trade, foreign attacks
What helped unify societies during their declines in power
religion
what unified the arabian penisula
islam
shi’a muslim
the new leader of islam should be a blood relative of muhammad
sunni muslim
the new leader of islam should be selected from one of the people that are already leaders
Dar Islam
“house of islam” the regions to which islam had spread
Abbasid Caliphate
leaders of islam that lead it to a golden age of stable government, medicinal advancements, and trade
jizya
a tax payed during the abbasid golden age to practice a non muslim religion
infanticide
the killing of babies (typically girls for being undesirable)
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