UNIT 1 - INTRODUCTION Cartes | Quizlet

Organism : human body

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in vitro =

disection

a tissue is ... (2)

the extracellular components around the cells (extracellular matrix)

how many atoms are part of living organisms ?

around 80 (C, H, O, N, P, S, Ca , Na, K)

the MUSCULAR system functions : (3)

- provides movement

- provides protection and support for other tissues

- generates heat that maintains body temperature

the DIGESTIVE system function : (4)

- processes and digests food

- absorbs and conserves water

- absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats)

- stores energy reserves

Growth refers to ...

an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells and/or increase in the amount of interstitial fluid between cells

How does homeostasis is maintained ?

thanks to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes certain conditions are kept stable within a narrow value range

What is the same between ECF and ICF ?

Their OSMOLARITY

What is osmosis ?

OSMOSIS IS THE MOVEMENT of WATER through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.

What are the 2 systems in the afferent pathway ?

- Nervous system: afferent neurons.

- Endocrine system: the endocrine cells acts as both receptor and integration centre.

How is the signal in the efferent pathway ?

Output signal (chemical or electrical)

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nervous and endocrine control

Anatomy :

science that studies body structures and the relationships among them

in vivo =

diagnostic imaging

Physiology =

science that studies the vital functions of living organisms

Histology =

science that studies the microscopic structure of tissues

a tissue is a ... (1)

group of similar cells that usually have similar embryological origin and are specialized for a particular function

the extracellular matrix can be :

- solid (bones)

- jelly-like (cartilage)

- fluid/liquid (blood)

Levels of Structural Organization ?

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms (A M C T S O)

Which molecules are essential to life ?

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and vitamins

WHICH are the four most abundant elements in a living organism?

C, H, O, N

WHICH ATOMS are abundant in bones?

Ca, P

WHICH element is necessary for teeth development?

Calcium

In WHICH molecule can we find the information needed for any organism to

develop and live?

DNA

WHICH molecule serves as the "energy source" for cellular processes?

ATP

WHICH molecule is the principal nutrient to your neurons?

Glucose

Cell =

structural and functional unit of living organisms : smallest unit of life that can replicate independently

What are the cell common characteristics ? (4)

- Growth

- Reproduction

- Relation

- Energy production

Tissues =

groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform certain special functions.

How many types of tissues ? Name them

4 types of tissues :

- Epithelial

- Connective

- Muscular

- Nervous

Organ =

structures of definite form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have special function

Systems =

related organs with a common function

Systems work in a ... way and perform a ...

- coordinated

- specific biological function

the SKELETAL system major organs : (4)

bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow

the SKELETAL system functions : (3)

- support and protection for other tissues

- calcium storage and other minerals

- blood cells formation (bone marrow)

the INTEGUMENTARY system major organs : (4)

skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

the INTEGUMENTARY system functions : (3)

- protection against environmental hazards

- help in regulating body temperature

- providing sensory information

the NERVOUS system major organs : (4)

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

the NERVOUS system functions : (3)

- directs immediate responses to stimuli

- coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems

- provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

the MUSCULAR system major organs : (3)

skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses (tendinous sheets)

the LYMPHATIC system major organs : (5)

spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels (lymph), lymph nodes, tonsils

the LYMPHATIC system function : (2)

- defends against infection and disease

- returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

the CARDIOVASCULAR system major organs : (3)

heart, blood, blood vessels

the CARDIOVASCULAR system functions : (2)

- distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide

- distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

the URINARY system major organs : (4)

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

the URINARY system function : (4)

- excretes waste products from the blood,

- controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced

- stores urine prior to voluntary elimination

- regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

the ENDOCRINE system major organs : (6)

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads (testes and ovaries), endocrine tissues in other systems

the ENDOCRINE system function : (3)

-Directs long-term changes in other organ systems

-Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use

-Controls many structural and functional changes during development

the DIGESTIVE system major organs : (10)

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

the RESPIRATORY system major organs : (7)

nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

the RESPIRATORY system function : (4)

- Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)

- Provides oxygen to bloodstream

- Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream

- Produces sounds for communication

the MALE REPRODUCTIVE system major organs : (7)

testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum

the MALE REPRODUCTIVE system function : (2)

- produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones

- sexual intercourse

the FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE system major organs : (7)

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

the FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE system function : (4)

- produces female sex cells (ovocytes) and hormones

- supports developing embryo from conception to delivery

- provides milk to nourish newborn infant

- sexual intercourse

What are the 6 basic vital processes ?

- metabolism

- responsiveness

- movement

- growth

- differentiation

- reproduction

Metabolism is ...

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism

Responsiveness is ...

the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment

Movement includes ...

motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells

Differentiation is ...

the change from an unspecialized state to a specialized state

Reproduction refers either to ...

1) formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement

2) production of a new individual

Homeostasis is ... (1st def)

the ability of a living system (body or cell) to maintain the equilibrium in its internal environment

Homeostasis is ... (2nd def)

the maintenance of the variables in the internal medium (pH, temperature, concentration of ions and molecules - oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose-, volume, blood pressure...) in a dynamic equilibrium

Factors that influence homeostasis can be ... or ...

INTERNAL or EXTERNAL

Internal factors influencing homeostasis :

stress, exercise, immune response...

- accumulation of waste products from metabolic reactions

External factors influencing homeostasis :

heat, cold, changes in partial pressure of oxygen, infections...

Physiological disruptions in the internal medium (extracellular fluid) are usually ... & ...

mild and temporary

What does a permanent lack of homeostasis leads to ?

a disease

What are the 4 properties of homeostasis ?

1) Both the nervous and endocrine systems are equally important in maintaining regulatory

2) TONIC LEVEL OF ACTIVITY : there is a basal level of activity that can be slightly modified either up or down

3) ANTAGONIC CONTROL : if a factor can revert a change towards a homeostatic sate in one direction, there will be another factor or factors with opposite effects.

4) Chemical signals can have different effects on different tissues

Cite an example of antagonic control

Glucose (↗️Insuline ↘️Glucagon)

a closer look into homeostasis

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Maintaining ... and composition of ... is essential for life

volume

fluids

... is Claude Bernard's "internal medium"

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

For the body's cells to survive what should be kept constant at all times ?

the composition of the surrounding fluids

What is the total body mass of a female composed of ?

45% solids and 55% fluids

What is the total body mass of a male composed of ?

40% solids and 60% fluids

What is the total body fluid composed of ?

2/3 ICF and 1/3 ECF

What is the total Extracellular fluid (ECF) composed of ?

80% Interstitial fluid (IF) and 20% Plasma

Intracellular fluid (ICF): ... body cells.

inside

Extracellular fluid (ECF): ... body cells.

outside

What is interstitial fluid?

ECF filling the narrow spaces between cells of tissues. Also called intercellular fluid, tissue fluid or body's internal environment. Proper function of body cells depends on precise regulation of IF. Exchange of nutrients and waste. It includes the lymph.

Interstitial fluid and plasma have the same ...

composition

What is transcellular fluid?

fluids from the synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, intraocular spaces and cerebrospinal fluid. Its composition may differ from the IF and the plasma.

... % of the body weight is water, ... correspond to intracellular fluid and ... is extracellular fluid.

60%

2/3

1/3

What is different between ECF and ICF ?

Their chemical composition (solutes distribute differently among the fluid compartments)

What is osmolarity?

total concentration of solutes in a fluid

In homeostasis, fluid compartments have the same osmolarity (isosmotic) which is ... mOsm/L.

300 mOsm/L

In homeostasis, fluid compartments are ...

electrally balanced

What ion is more present in ICF than in ECF ?

potasio K+

What ion is more present in ECF than in ICF ?

sodium Na+

Fluid compartments are under ... equilibrium (NOT under ... EQUILIBRIUM)

osmotic

chemical

The cell membrane is ...permeable

SEMIpermeable

How does water act in the cell membrane ?

Water moves freely from one side to the other and contributes in maintaining the osmolarity

How can the solutes be in the cell membrane ?

Solutes could be non permeant (NP) or permeants (P)

What can happen if water moves through the plasma membrane (osmosis) and the volume of the ICF changes ?

cell functions can be dramatically altered.

How does a HYPOTONIC solution behave ?

Net water gain

Cell swells

How does a HYPERTONIC solution behave ?

Net water loss

Cell shrinks

How does a ISOTONIC solution behave ?

No net water loss or gain

Same osmosis

On what does a solution behavior depends on ?

the AMOUNT and NATURE of solutes dissolved in it