Renaissance and Exploration

Ap Euro unit one test, important vocab and people

Renaissance

Rebirth! Renaissance was an age of recovery from the 14th century (black death, political chaos, and recession). This was marked by rediscovery of classical culture, which led to people trying to make the ideas of the Greeks/Romans coexist with Christianity. It took place in the late middle ages, so around the 1350s.

the three estates

hose who pray (the clergy), those who fight (the nobility), and those who work (all the rest). This is how society was divided up in the middle ages, not based on wealth but instead hereditary

individualism

emphasis on and interest unique traits of each person

secularism

process of becoming more concerned with material, worldy, temporal things and less with religion

Scholasticism

theological focus on socratic reasoning to rationalize god. (like how angels can fit on a pinhead)

humanism

revival of the study of classical past 

civic humanism

These who have studied classical literature need to contribute to society (be involved in politics and help community)

Italian city-states

They follow model of Roman Republican institutions and there is lots of competition between states 

Neoplatonism

 a revival of Platonic philosophy. Marsilio Ficino was a main figure who tried to combine Christianity and Platonism. This attempt at unison was based on the heichery of substances and theory of spiritual love. 

Hermeticism

Movement beginning in the fifteenth century, it said that the divine is in all parts of nature. Hermantism led to a new perspective on humanity, one that said humans were divine beings but had picked to be normal. 

pantheism

The belief that god is in all things

patronage

 person paying for the painting 

naturalism

Art that imitates real life as closely as possible 

geometric perspective

using geometry to give the illusion of depth and space to paintings to make them more realistic. 

new monarchies

successes that occurred in France, England, and Spain who managed to suppress nobility, control the church, and insist on the loyalty of the people living in their lands. It created a centralized monarchy/power. 

Medici

banking family that ruled Florence

Johannes Guttenberg

 German inventor that created the printing press 

Boticelli

Italian painter, painted non religious scenes

Michelangelo

Famous for sistine chapel, david. He depicts ideal human beings with perfect proportions. Artist of the high renaissance 

DaVinci

impacted the world of science and tech because of his journals. Artist of the high renaissance 

Machiavelli

Political theorist, wrote the prince. 

Thomas More

important humanist, important with Erasmus, author of utopia in which he said governments were corrupt. later executed by Henry VIII bc he didn’t agree that the king was the head of the church. 

Christine de Pizan

Italian writer, and advocated for women being educated in her book City of ladies.

Petrarch

Petrarch is often called the father of Italian renaissance humanism! He was the first to say dark ages were a period of darkness. 

Erasmus

Dutch humanist scholar, was one of the best-known proponents of Christian humanism. In his book, The Praise of Folly, Erasmus used the Gospels to criticize several Catholic Church practices, such as the wealth of the bishops.

Charles VII

France, used the taille (annual tax on land or property without needing approval from Esates General) to give Parliament less power (control of the purse meant less power), also established a royal army of cavalry and archers which were paid and recruited by the state.

Louis XI

France, Louis struggled to contain nobility, but after Charles the Bold died (who was trying to create a middle kingdom) Louis absorbed his lands. Very trickester, very spider king

King Francis I

King Francis and the pope agreed to the Concordat of Bologna which basically said French kings thereafter effectively controlled the appointment and thus the policies of church officials in the kingdom

Henry VII  (first tudor king)

England

• used diplomacy to avoid wars

• extracted income from the traditional financial resources of the English monarch, such as the crown lands, judicial fees and fines, and custom duties but didn’t ask too much of the middle class,

• Court of Stars chamber

• ended the private wars of the nobility by abolishing “livery and maintenance,” the practice by which wealthy aristocrats maintained private armies of followers dedicated to the service of their lord.

Lorenzo De Medici and Pope Julius the second

promoted a ton of art

Lorenzo Valla

Works for the church, and through that work he proves that the “Donation of Constantine” was false 

Pico Della Mirandola

Wrote oration on the dignity of man and the glorious pursuit of all knowledge. 

Basically celebration of the individual (and the ideal renaissance man, one who is talented at many things).

He was interested in platonism

shipbuilding innovations

Lateen rig and Sternpost rudder, an important part of the Caravel (ship that was faster that improved maneuverability. Ships could sail against wind, engage in naval warfare and could carry heavy cannons/goods

Cartography

making of maps or study of graphs and charts. This helped Europeans navigate the globe. 

mercantilist policies

most nations at this time believed there was a, “finite amount of wealth in the world, and whoever controlled the most wealth and resources would hold the most power”. As such, they created colonies who would trade primarily with the mother country, supposed to provide a balance of trade favorable to the mother country. These policies were heavy on the government. intervention in the economy. 

Portolani

Spanish or Portuguese Conqueror 

Encomienda

 the economic system implemented by Spain in the Americas, where they demand tribute from natives and make them work, in exchange they were supposed to offer natives protection.

Viceroy

direct representative of a monarch, rules over Viceroyalty, reports to the monarch, spanish uses them. 

Audiencias

 High councils made up of viceroys. They were used to administer viceroyalties.

price revolution

high rate of inflation that occurred in western europe, due to influx of gold and growing populations

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who went to the Incas in 1532 and executed their ruler 

Malinche

Aztec translator for Cortés

Bartolomé Las Casas

Portuguese explorer, who rounded the southernmost tip of Africa 

Francis Drake

English sea captain, second person to circumnavigate the globe