New Frontier, Great Society, Civil Rights Mvmt., Vietnam War (copy)

Unit #10

WARREN COURT & ITS IMPACT

activist judges helped expand civil liberties & civil rights

BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION

segregation in public schools is unconstitutional because of psychological effects—must desegregate schools & overturns "separate but equal" doctrine

PRESIDENT EISENHOWER & LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS

federal troops were brought in to force integration of Central HS & to enforce the Brown v. Board decision

ENGEL V. VITALE

there is no place for prayer in public schools—violates 1st Amendment's freedom of religion & establishment clause

GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT

accused must be granted an attorney if he or she cannot afford one

MAPP V. OHIO

exclusionary rule must apply—evidence seized illegally must be thrown out in Court

ESCOBEDO V. ILLINOIS

accused must be allowed to see his/her attorney during interrogation

TINKER V. DES MOINES SCHOOL DISTRICT

students have symbolic speech in school as long as does not disrupt educational process—OK to wear black armbands in protest of war

NEW YORK TIMES V. US

Nixon could not censor the Pentagon Papers—they were not a national security risk; free press is important

NEW FRONTIER

nickname for JFK's programs—wished to promote a strong defense (flexible response), aid to the poor, tax cuts, $ for science education & research, & civil rights legislation

SPACE RACE

began when Soviets launched Sputnik & escalated when Soviets sent 1st man to space; JFK invested $ in science education, NASA & sending man to the moon

PEACE CORPS

program created by JFK that sends volunteers to developing nations to help them in areas such as agriculture & schools

ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS

program created by JFK to give $ to Latin American nations so they would prefer democracy over Castro's communism

BAY OF PIGS

attempt to get Cuban exiles to start a revolution that would lead to overthrow of Castro—was failure

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

demonstrated the danger of nuclear warfare & need for split-second decision making; JFK ordered naval blockade to stop Soviet ships in route; later on a hotline was established between the White House & Kremlin

GREAT SOCIETY

nickname for LBJ's programs—he declared a "War against Poverty & Discrimination" & increased the role of the fed. gov't; led to more deficit spending; programs began to suffer during the Vietnam War causing frustration in those stuck in poverty in inner-cities

MEDICARE & MEDICAID

promoted by LBJ so that the elderly & poor would have health care insurance

HEAD START

Pre-K education for the poor so they do not fall behind & have equal opportunity in life

SILENT SPRING

written by Rachel Carson to expose dangers of pesticides & DDT—helped inspire environmental movement & to encourage reforms

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

policy in which steps are taken to help blacks & women gain jobs & college admission to make up for discrimination

MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.

promoted nonviolent civil disobedience, gained following by starting the Montgomery bus boycott & for his Birmingham Campaign, March on Washington, & March from Selma to Montgomery

ROSA PARKS

refused to give up seat on bus to white man in protest of segregation—inspired bus boycott

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

ended Jim Crow laws (segregation in public accommodations) & job discrimination based on race & gender

VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

banned use of literacy tests & used federal voting examiners in areas with low voter turnout

MALCOLM X & STOKLEY CARMICHAEL

chose to promote separatism & Black Power as means to achieve more rights for African-Americans

DE FACTO SEGREGATION

barrier still today that leads to minorities & poor in inner-cities with inadequate schools & public services

VIETNAM WAR

war that US entered on basis of domino theory—belief that if 1 nation fell to communism, all would fall

GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION

granted LBJ power to use force vs. N. Vietnamese b/c of "attacks" on US ships—led to official entry of US into Vietnam War

SELECTIVE SERVICE

draft system; utilized to ensure men ages 18-26 were prepared for war; added lottery system during Vietnam War

LIVING ROOM WAR

live footage of war on TV—led to credibility gap & decreasing public support for Vietnam War

TET OFFENSIVE

surprise attack by Vietcong on US & S. Vietnamese forces—took 1 mo. for US to regain its footing; from this point on it was too difficult to justify continued involvement in Vietnam War

KENT STATE MASSACRE

massive student protest led to the burning of the ROTC building & clash between National Guard & students—9 were left wounded & 4 died

MY LAI

village where US troops under leadership of Lieutenant Calley massacred 200+ innocent civilians when their search & destroy mission was fruitless

VIETNAMIZATION

Nixon's plan to gradually withdraw US troops from Vietnam & get S. Vietnamese to take a more active role in the war; however, he 1st invaded Cambodia & Laos

WAR POWERS ACT OF 1973

passed to limit President's use of troops—Congress can vote to make President remove troops from a conflict after 60-90 days; reminder that power to declare war belongs with Congress

FEMININE MYSTIQUE

written by Betty Friedan, helped spark feminist movement in which women sought more out of life

NOW

National Organization for Women—sought economic equality & better educational & job opportunities

Title IX

banned gender discrimination in any program receiving federal $; schools have to spend same $ on M & F sports

ROE V. WADE

right to privacy includes the right to abortion within the 1st 3 months of pregnancy (overturned in 2022)

ERA

Equal Rights Amendment—no differences in treatment allowed; failed to pass b/c of draft issue

BARRIERS FOR WOMEN TODAY

economic equality is still not realized because of "glass ceiling" & wage gap

COUNTER-CULTURE MOVEMENT

protest movement against traditional ways & injustices of 1960s—based in goals of achieving peace & harmony ("Hippies")

CESAR CHAVEZ

formed United Farm Workers of America & used boycotts & hunger strikes to get better wages & working conditions for fellow agricultural workers