History Exam 1

Catalhoyuk

Turkey

Pyramid of the Sun

Teotihuacan

Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut

Deir-el- Bahari

Lions Gate

Mycenae

Lascaux

Lascaux, France

Pyramid of Cheops/Khufu

Giza

Hemiunu

Basilica/ Temple of Hera I

Paestum

Castillo

Chichen Itza, Yucatan

Cliff Palace/ Cliff House

Mesa Verde, AZ

Great Ziggurat

Ur

Minoan Palace

Knossos, Crete

Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser

Saqqara

Imhotep

Stonehenge

Salisbury Plains

Temple of Ramses II

Abo Simbel

Temple of the Great Jaguar

Tikal

Which one is older, Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut or Pyramid of the Sun?

Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut

Which one is older, Great Ziggurat or Catalhoyuk?

Catalhoyuk

Which one is older, Stonehenge or Lascaux?

Lascaux

What order from oldest to earliest, Pyramid of Cheops, Castillo, and Pyramid of the Sun?

Pyramid of Cheops, Pyramid of the Sun, Castillo

What order from oldest to earliest, Minoan Palace, Temple of the Great Jaguar, and the Basilica?

Minoan Palace, Basilica, Temple of the Great Jaguar?

wigwam

a bark and mat carved structure, typically round or oblong in shape

ex. Ojibwe winter house

kiva

round ceremonial structure, usually round and partially underground

ex. Cliff Palace

Vigas

large beams

Post and Lintel construction

structural system that supports the weight through posts around openings and light support weight on top

ex. Lions gate

Trilithons

2 free standing megaliths supporting a lintel

Ziggurat

Mountain of God, temple tower in the form of stepping pyramid

Great Ziggurat

Megalith

large stone

Gobekli Tepe, Turkey

Mastaba

Egyptian flat-topped rectangular tomb w/ sloped sides, first burial grounds built by the Egyptians

Egyptian

Column

base, shaft, and capital

ex. Temple of Hera or Zeus

Hypostyle Hall

room w/ roof supported by many columns

ex. Minoan Palace

Peristyle

rows of columns surrounding a space or building

ex. Temple of Hera I

Clerestory Window

opening at a change in roof height that brings natural light into a space

Imhotep

first known architect, built the Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser, vizier, architect, and priest to King Djoser

ex. Egyptian

Corbel Vaulting

an opening formed by placing blocks in horizontal courses to each side of the space, with/ each level cantilevering outward from the one below

ex. Great Pyramids of Giza

Major Elements of an Egyptian Pyramid

Valley Temple, Causeway, Mortuary Temple, Pyramid

Obelisk

square tower topped by a Ben Ben

Megaron

palace form in Bronze Age Greece that consists of one main room (cella) and a front porch with columns (later developed into the basis structure of Greek Temples

ex. Mycenae

Cyclopean Masonry

stonework consisting of large boulders, named after the Cyclops of Homer

ex. Lions Gate

Cella

the inner area of an ancient temple

Entasis

a slight convex curve in the shaft of a column

ex. Temple of Apollo

Pediment

triangular element of a building located above the entablature and below the roof

triglyph

rectangular block with three vertical lines

metopes

rectangular elements that fills the space between triglyphs in a Doric Frieze

Fluting

set of vertical grooves around a column shaft in Doric Freize

ex. Temple of Hera II

Volutes

the spiral scroll element in Ionic capitals

ex. Temple of Artemis

Frieze

a broad horizontal band that forms part of the entablature

ex. Greek culture, Doric and Ionic Order

Dentils

small rectangular blocks resembling teeth, usually under the soffit of a cornice

Doric Refinements

concave bases, corner columns brought inwards, columns sloping inwards, entasis, corner columns slightly thicker

Form of Stonehenge

oriented in a way that is assumed to correlate with time

no ornament

circular

greystones, bluestones

Structure of Stonehenge

post and lintel

variety of materials (timber to stone)

tectonic

Stonehenge function and culture

ritual site

created by builders

rocks transferred from far away

Stonehenge physical

stands alone

rural

salisbury plains

dominates

Stonehenge historical

tourist site

many steps

culture monument

Pyramids of Cheops Form

large=power

triangular shape- references to the rays (Ra)

pyramid form

inner chambers and tunnels

Pyramid of Cheops Chambers and Tunnels

Ventilation shafts, kings chamber, queen chamber, grand galley, suberanian chamber

Pyramid of Cheops Structure

corbel vaulting, stereotomic, acts in compression, limestone

Pyramid of Cheops Function and Culture

tomb for pharaoh

protects ruler and treasure from outsiders

larger equals more power of pharaoh

hemiunu

pharaoh commissioned for himself

protects pharaoh as the soul (ka) travels to afterlife

shape refers to the sun god Ra

skilled laborers

worker camps

Pyramid of Cheops Physical

pyramid

Giza

one of three, largest of the three

west side of nile

Golden sandy color

pyramid complex (valley temple, causeway, mortuary temple, pyramid)

Pyramid of Cheops Historical

white limestone

finish worn away

raided

protected now, tourist site

Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut

stepped terraces

rectangular

partially within the cliff

large scale

hieroglyphs painted in interior

statues within

columns hypostyle

Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut Structure

stone

stereotomic and tectonic

acts in compression

Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut Function and Culture

Funerary Burial of Pharoah Hatshepsut

senmut architect

protects her legacy

legacy of stepson threatened

erased history

Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut Physical

Deir-el-Bahari

west side of the Nile

across the Temple of Amun Ra

located in Sacred Valley

Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut Historical

History erased

stepson took off face because of the threat of matriarchal legacy

tourist attraction

Temple of the Great Jaguar Form

stepped pyramid

9 steps

steep slope

corbel vaulting

likely plastered

temple on top

92 steps on each side, 365 days a year

Temple of the Great Jaguar Structure

limestone bricks

underneath is a rubble core

stereotomic

Temple of the Great Jaguar Function and Culture

religious ceremonies

only included for the gods

some sacrifices

funerary temple for the great jaguar

9 layers of the Mayan underworld

commissioned by emporer

Temple = mountains

ground= sea

other= trees

Temple of the Great Jaguar Physical

Tikal

did not stand alone

urban, part of a large plaza

across other temple

Temple of the Great Jaguar Historical

tourist site

abandoned

jungle took over

deforestation, people revolted

skeletons of children as evidence of malnutrition

1848 rediscovered

mapped out with radar imaging

Minoan Palace Form

plastered

paintings inside

no doors

no clear entrance inside

built like a maze

hypostyle columns

5 stories

complex floorplan

Minoan Palace Structure

tectonic and stereotomic

geometric

limestone

Minoan Palace Function and Culture

Theseus defeated minatour

athens defeated cretes

major power figure

no walls has no protection

strong navy to support no walls

palace for minoan government

symbol of Minoan power

Minoan Palace Physical

Crete

island location

stands alone

Minoan Palace Historical

fell into ruin

rebuilt

reconstructed in modern times

Greeks trying to make sense of their architecture

Discuss the advantages of an agricultural society over a nomadic one in the creation of permanent architecture.

agriculture can grow, more stabilised shelter, complex society, development of cities, increase in workforce, expanded workforce, more talents or skills, status developed, better health, better protection, dedicate spaces to more than shelter

Discuss why archaeologists now believe that structures like Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon were designed to measure solar orientation.

summer solstice is in between, solar monumnet, carved sliver of sun on a spiral carving, every significant sun event has a marking

Describe the specific phases of development of Stonehenge over time, including main material, basic form, and other characteristics. Pre- Stonehenge

Wood

4 large Mesolithic holes from pine posts around 800 BC

3 with east-west alignment

Stage I Stonehenge

earth

earth circular mound (around 360’ in diameter) with ring of 56 holes

Stage II Stonehenge

Timber

new postholes suggest timber buildings in center of circle

cremated matter placed inside of earlier holes

Stage IIIi Stonehenge

Stone- Bluestone

double partial ring of about 6 feet high bluestones from South Wales

avenue to river added

Heel stone (sarsen) gray sandstone (possibly earlier or later)

Stage IIIii Stonehenge

Stone - Gray Sandstone

bluestones cleared away

post and lintel ring of 30 massive gray stone megaliths erected

a horseshoe arrangement of 5 20 feet high trilithons appear within circle

Stage IIIiii Stonehenge

Stone Rearrangements

bluestones reappear and rearranged inside horseshoe

two additional rings of holes dug outside of stone circle

Describe the basic function and form of a ziggurat.

temple tower in the form of a stepped pyramid, a temple that rose on one or more platforms to create a stepped profile, “house of the mountain” bound between heaven and earth, great height and mass alluded to the origin of the hill people who descended from the plains, represented the comfort of the earth, house of the gods, in Mesopotamia it embodies the mandate to influence the sky gods

Discuss the functional and formal differences between a Mesopotamia ziggurat and an Egyptian pyramid

ziggurat is a house for the gods while the pyramid is for the burial of a pharaoh

pyramids allow people in, ziggurats are only for the gods

both heights represent that figure’s strength

ziggurat has terraces, 3 stairways, rectangular, limestone, increased slope

Pyramid is triangular, mud brick, steps, decreased slope

Identify 4 major elements of a Pyramid Complex

Valley Temple (gathering or precision for the body), Causeway (moving towards death), Mortuary Temple (organs harvested and mummification), Pyramid

Discuss the basic evolution of Egyptian burial architecture from mastaba to pyramid

stacked to make them bigger, the slope smooths out and decreases over time, Djoser to Cheops

Discuss how mythology was used by later Greeks to explain the architectural remains of the Minoans and Mycenaeans, especially at Knossos. What is the basic story and how was it reflected at the site?

Discuss the functional and formal differences between Egyptian and the different types of Pre-Columbian pyramids. Be clear on dating

The pyramids are older, have a decreased slope, and steps of stones

Pre-Columbian pyramids are stepped pyramids, each level is pronounced

The pyramids are burial grounds while most Pre-Columbian pyramids are used for religious ceremonies.

Identify and define the basic elements of Greek Temple architecture

capital- top of the column

volutes- ioninc spiral

entasis- bulging of the colums

entablature- top of the columns beneath the pediment

pediment- triangular form underneath the roof

cella- inner room of the ancient temple

triglyphs and metopes

Identify the major refinements of a Doric temple

concave bases, corner columns brought inwards, entasis, corner columns slightly thicker, columns sloping slightly inwards

Discuss the basic development of the Doric and Ionic Greek temples.

Doric came first, compact, columns and forms, organic material, and stone

Ionic- capital changes, the volutes were formed, taller and more slender, more feminine, fluting became less rounded, arrived from another place

List and describe the subtle refinements of classical Greek temples as see in the design of the Parthenon.

elevated or exaggerated differences, column is brought more inwards, corner columns slightly thicker, corner columns sloping inwards, more emphasis