History Exam 1

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92 Terms

1
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Catalhoyuk

Turkey

2
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Pyramid of the Sun

Teotihuacan

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Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut

Deir-el- Bahari

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Lions Gate

Mycenae

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Lascaux

Lascaux, France

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Pyramid of Cheops/Khufu

Giza

Hemiunu

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Basilica/ Temple of Hera I

Paestum

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Castillo

Chichen Itza, Yucatan

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Cliff Palace/ Cliff House

Mesa Verde, AZ

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Great Ziggurat

Ur

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Minoan Palace

Knossos, Crete

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Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser

Saqqara

Imhotep

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Stonehenge

Salisbury Plains

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Temple of Ramses II

Abo Simbel

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Temple of the Great Jaguar

Tikal

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Which one is older, Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut or Pyramid of the Sun?

Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut

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Which one is older, Great Ziggurat or Catalhoyuk?

Catalhoyuk

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Which one is older, Stonehenge or Lascaux?

Lascaux

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What order from oldest to earliest, Pyramid of Cheops, Castillo, and Pyramid of the Sun?

Pyramid of Cheops, Pyramid of the Sun, Castillo

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What order from oldest to earliest, Minoan Palace, Temple of the Great Jaguar, and the Basilica?

Minoan Palace, Basilica, Temple of the Great Jaguar?

21
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wigwam

a bark and mat carved structure, typically round or oblong in shape

ex. Ojibwe winter house

22
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kiva

round ceremonial structure, usually round and partially underground

ex. Cliff Palace

23
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Vigas

large beams

24
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Post and Lintel construction

structural system that supports the weight through posts around openings and light support weight on top

ex. Lions gate

25
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Trilithons

2 free standing megaliths supporting a lintel

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Ziggurat

Mountain of God, temple tower in the form of stepping pyramid

Great Ziggurat

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Megalith

large stone

Gobekli Tepe, Turkey

28
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Mastaba

Egyptian flat-topped rectangular tomb w/ sloped sides, first burial grounds built by the Egyptians

Egyptian

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Column

base, shaft, and capital

ex. Temple of Hera or Zeus

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Hypostyle Hall

room w/ roof supported by many columns

ex. Minoan Palace

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Peristyle

rows of columns surrounding a space or building

ex. Temple of Hera I

32
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Clerestory Window

opening at a change in roof height that brings natural light into a space

33
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Imhotep

first known architect, built the Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser, vizier, architect, and priest to King Djoser

ex. Egyptian

34
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Corbel Vaulting

an opening formed by placing blocks in horizontal courses to each side of the space, with/ each level cantilevering outward from the one below

ex. Great Pyramids of Giza

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Major Elements of an Egyptian Pyramid

Valley Temple, Causeway, Mortuary Temple, Pyramid

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Obelisk

square tower topped by a Ben Ben

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Megaron

palace form in Bronze Age Greece that consists of one main room (cella) and a front porch with columns (later developed into the basis structure of Greek Temples

ex. Mycenae

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Cyclopean Masonry

stonework consisting of large boulders, named after the Cyclops of Homer

ex. Lions Gate

39
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Cella

the inner area of an ancient temple

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Entasis

a slight convex curve in the shaft of a column

ex. Temple of Apollo

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Pediment

triangular element of a building located above the entablature and below the roof

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triglyph

rectangular block with three vertical lines

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metopes

rectangular elements that fills the space between triglyphs in a Doric Frieze

44
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Fluting

set of vertical grooves around a column shaft in Doric Freize

ex. Temple of Hera II

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Volutes

the spiral scroll element in Ionic capitals

ex. Temple of Artemis

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Frieze

a broad horizontal band that forms part of the entablature

ex. Greek culture, Doric and Ionic Order

47
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Dentils

small rectangular blocks resembling teeth, usually under the soffit of a cornice

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Doric Refinements

concave bases, corner columns brought inwards, columns sloping inwards, entasis, corner columns slightly thicker

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Form of Stonehenge

oriented in a way that is assumed to correlate with time

no ornament

circular

greystones, bluestones

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Structure of Stonehenge

post and lintel

variety of materials (timber to stone)

tectonic

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Stonehenge function and culture

ritual site

created by builders

rocks transferred from far away

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Stonehenge physical

stands alone

rural

salisbury plains

dominates

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Stonehenge historical

tourist site

many steps

culture monument

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Pyramids of Cheops Form

large=power

triangular shape- references to the rays (Ra)

pyramid form

inner chambers and tunnels

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Pyramid of Cheops Chambers and Tunnels

Ventilation shafts, kings chamber, queen chamber, grand galley, suberanian chamber

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Pyramid of Cheops Structure

corbel vaulting, stereotomic, acts in compression, limestone

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Pyramid of Cheops Function and Culture

tomb for pharaoh

protects ruler and treasure from outsiders

larger equals more power of pharaoh

hemiunu

pharaoh commissioned for himself

protects pharaoh as the soul (ka) travels to afterlife

shape refers to the sun god Ra

skilled laborers

worker camps

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Pyramid of Cheops Physical

pyramid

Giza

one of three, largest of the three

west side of nile

Golden sandy color

pyramid complex (valley temple, causeway, mortuary temple, pyramid)

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Pyramid of Cheops Historical

white limestone

finish worn away

raided

protected now, tourist site

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Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut

stepped terraces

rectangular

partially within the cliff

large scale

hieroglyphs painted in interior

statues within

columns hypostyle

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Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut Structure

stone

stereotomic and tectonic

acts in compression

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Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut Function and Culture

Funerary Burial of Pharoah Hatshepsut

senmut architect

protects her legacy

legacy of stepson threatened

erased history

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Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut Physical

Deir-el-Bahari

west side of the Nile

across the Temple of Amun Ra

located in Sacred Valley

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Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut Historical

History erased

stepson took off face because of the threat of matriarchal legacy

tourist attraction

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Temple of the Great Jaguar Form

stepped pyramid

9 steps

steep slope

corbel vaulting

likely plastered

temple on top

92 steps on each side, 365 days a year

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Temple of the Great Jaguar Structure

limestone bricks

underneath is a rubble core

stereotomic

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Temple of the Great Jaguar Function and Culture

religious ceremonies

only included for the gods

some sacrifices

funerary temple for the great jaguar

9 layers of the Mayan underworld

commissioned by emporer

Temple = mountains

ground= sea

other= trees

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Temple of the Great Jaguar Physical

Tikal

did not stand alone

urban, part of a large plaza

across other temple

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Temple of the Great Jaguar Historical

tourist site

abandoned

jungle took over

deforestation, people revolted

skeletons of children as evidence of malnutrition

1848 rediscovered

mapped out with radar imaging

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Minoan Palace Form

plastered

paintings inside

no doors

no clear entrance inside

built like a maze

hypostyle columns

5 stories

complex floorplan

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Minoan Palace Structure

tectonic and stereotomic

geometric

limestone

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Minoan Palace Function and Culture

Theseus defeated minatour

athens defeated cretes

major power figure

no walls has no protection

strong navy to support no walls

palace for minoan government

symbol of Minoan power

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Minoan Palace Physical

Crete

island location

stands alone

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Minoan Palace Historical

fell into ruin

rebuilt

reconstructed in modern times

Greeks trying to make sense of their architecture

75
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Discuss the advantages of an agricultural society over a nomadic one in the creation of permanent architecture.

agriculture can grow, more stabilised shelter, complex society, development of cities, increase in workforce, expanded workforce, more talents or skills, status developed, better health, better protection, dedicate spaces to more than shelter

76
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Discuss why archaeologists now believe that structures like Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon were designed to measure solar orientation.

summer solstice is in between, solar monumnet, carved sliver of sun on a spiral carving, every significant sun event has a marking

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Describe the specific phases of development of Stonehenge over time, including main material, basic form, and other characteristics. Pre- Stonehenge

Wood

4 large Mesolithic holes from pine posts around 800 BC

3 with east-west alignment

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Stage I Stonehenge

earth

earth circular mound (around 360’ in diameter) with ring of 56 holes

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Stage II Stonehenge

Timber

new postholes suggest timber buildings in center of circle

cremated matter placed inside of earlier holes

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Stage IIIi Stonehenge

Stone- Bluestone

double partial ring of about 6 feet high bluestones from South Wales

avenue to river added

Heel stone (sarsen) gray sandstone (possibly earlier or later)

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Stage IIIii Stonehenge

Stone - Gray Sandstone

bluestones cleared away

post and lintel ring of 30 massive gray stone megaliths erected

a horseshoe arrangement of 5 20 feet high trilithons appear within circle

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Stage IIIiii Stonehenge

Stone Rearrangements

bluestones reappear and rearranged inside horseshoe

two additional rings of holes dug outside of stone circle

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Describe the basic function and form of a ziggurat.

temple tower in the form of a stepped pyramid, a temple that rose on one or more platforms to create a stepped profile, “house of the mountain” bound between heaven and earth, great height and mass alluded to the origin of the hill people who descended from the plains, represented the comfort of the earth, house of the gods, in Mesopotamia it embodies the mandate to influence the sky gods

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Discuss the functional and formal differences between a Mesopotamia ziggurat and an Egyptian pyramid

ziggurat is a house for the gods while the pyramid is for the burial of a pharaoh

pyramids allow people in, ziggurats are only for the gods

both heights represent that figure’s strength

ziggurat has terraces, 3 stairways, rectangular, limestone, increased slope

Pyramid is triangular, mud brick, steps, decreased slope

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Identify 4 major elements of a Pyramid Complex

Valley Temple (gathering or precision for the body), Causeway (moving towards death), Mortuary Temple (organs harvested and mummification), Pyramid

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Discuss the basic evolution of Egyptian burial architecture from mastaba to pyramid

stacked to make them bigger, the slope smooths out and decreases over time, Djoser to Cheops

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Discuss how mythology was used by later Greeks to explain the architectural remains of the Minoans and Mycenaeans, especially at Knossos. What is the basic story and how was it reflected at the site?

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Discuss the functional and formal differences between Egyptian and the different types of Pre-Columbian pyramids. Be clear on dating

The pyramids are older, have a decreased slope, and steps of stones

Pre-Columbian pyramids are stepped pyramids, each level is pronounced

The pyramids are burial grounds while most Pre-Columbian pyramids are used for religious ceremonies.

89
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Identify and define the basic elements of Greek Temple architecture

capital- top of the column

volutes- ioninc spiral

entasis- bulging of the colums

entablature- top of the columns beneath the pediment

pediment- triangular form underneath the roof

cella- inner room of the ancient temple

triglyphs and metopes

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Identify the major refinements of a Doric temple

concave bases, corner columns brought inwards, entasis, corner columns slightly thicker, columns sloping slightly inwards

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Discuss the basic development of the Doric and Ionic Greek temples.

Doric came first, compact, columns and forms, organic material, and stone

Ionic- capital changes, the volutes were formed, taller and more slender, more feminine, fluting became less rounded, arrived from another place

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List and describe the subtle refinements of classical Greek temples as see in the design of the Parthenon.

elevated or exaggerated differences, column is brought more inwards, corner columns slightly thicker, corner columns sloping inwards, more emphasis