midterm terms review

vernacular

language of the land; local language

patronage

the support given by a patron

city-states

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

Condottieri

leaders of bands of mercenary soldiers in Renaissance Italy who sold their services to the highest bidder

faciliatated

made easy; helped bring about, assisted

exacerbate

to make worse

demographic

having certain characteristics in common, such as age, race, or gender

catastrophes

unpredictable, large-scale disasters that threaten us

subsistence farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

subordination

placement in a lower class or rank; obedience

subjugation

the act of conquering

indigenous

native

cartography

science or art of making maps

coercion

use of force to get someone to obey

maritime

on or near the sea

exploited

to take advantage of

ecclesiastical

having to do with the church

pious

devoutly religious

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

English Reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom

Catholic Reformation

a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

printing press

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.

humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

civic humanism

humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society

commercial revolution

the expansion of the trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Anabaptists

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

simony

The selling of church offices

indulgence

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

lollards

Followers of John Wycliffe who questioned the supremacy and privileges of the pope and the church hierarchy

hussites

Followers of John Huss who questioned Catholic teachings about the Eucharist

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

flagellants

A reaction to the plague. people believed that the plague was a punishment for a sin. These people would go around town and whip themselves for their sins

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe, known as a Christian Humanist

Christian Humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance, combining classical learning and individualism with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

French Wars of Religion

religious civil wars between Protestantism (Huguenots) and Catholicism (French monarchy)

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symmetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted pose and compression of space.

Baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Philip II of Spain

The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was a intolerant, Catholic king.

Charles V of HRE/Charles I of Spain

Holy Roman Emperor, a Habsburg

Habsburgs

German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

New Monarchs in Spain

Ferdinand and Isabella

New Monarchs in France

Charles VII, Louis XI, Francis I

New Monarchies

Monarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions

Elizabeth I of England

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; Queen of England 1533-1603.

Tilbury Speech

Elizabeth's famous speech to her troops before the Armada

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

John Tetzel

The most famous seller of indulgences; a Dominican friar

Indulgence

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

James I of England

Divine right of kings, absolutist, Abandons the parliament, and alienates the puritans

Charles I of England

1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649; numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded

Petition of Right (1628)

A document drawn up by Parliament's House of Commons listing grievances against King Charles I and extending Parliament's powers while limiting the king's. It gave Parliament authority over taxation, declared that free citizens could not be arrested without cause, declared that soldiers could not be quartered in private homes without compensation, and said that martial law cannot be declared during peacetime.

English Civil War (1642-1649)

Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)

Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English Civil War, and ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

Charles II (1660-1685)

Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum.

James II (1685-1688)

Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

The bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Clarendon Code

these laws imposed penalties for attending non-Anglican services and excluded non-Anglicans from the religious and political life of England

Test Act of 1673

Charles II's Parliament said that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices

Habeus Corpus Act of 1679

Charles II signed this, which protects people from arrest without due process

Whigs and Tories (emerge during Charles II)

These were the two parties in the Parliament. The Whigs were mostly liberal and wanted change while the Tories wanted to keep the government as it was

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

The war between the Catholics and the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Ends Wars of Religion
France emerges as \#1
Calvinism is recognized
HRE is no longer
Independence given Netherlands and Switzerland
Prussia emerges as strongest state from former HRE

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen

Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Four Phases of the Thirty-Years War 1618-1648

Bohemian Phase
-Defenestration of Prague
Danish Phase
-Denmark sends troops to help Protestants
Swedish Phase
-Sweden sends troops to help Protestants
French-Swedish Phase
-Spain sends troops to help Catholics
-France sends troops to help Protestants
-France declares war on Spain

Defenestration of Prague (1618)

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Northern Renaissance

An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance

Medici Family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Catherine de Medici (France)

Wife of Henry II and mother to his 3 children. Controlled her children in the French monarchy

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

King of France, Protestant who converted to Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes

War of the 3 Henries (1588-1589)

-Henry Duke of Guise (pay of Philip II of Spain)
-King Henry III (ruling King of France)
-kills the duke of Guise
- joins Henry of Navarre (who returned to Calvinism)
-retook the city of Paris
- Assassinated by a monk
-Henry of Navarre
-takes the French throne
- again returned to Catholicism (French War of Religion Ends)

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

The religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education

Commerical Revolution

a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart)

Cousin to Elizabeth who wanted the crown of England and plotted to overthrow her but was beheaded. She was queen of France at a time and was then imprisoned.

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)

Took the English throne in 1553. She was the oldest daughter of Henry VIII, part of the Tudor family, and a devoted Catholic. Married to Philip II of Spain. Helped lead Counter-Reformation against Protestantism. Her goal was to return Britain to the Catholic Church. Nicknamed Bloody Mary because of the 300 Protestants she killed during her reign. Died with no heirs to the throne.

Church of England (Anglican Church)

The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas.

Conventicle Act (1664)

restricted dissenters from meeting in groups outside the church of England, secured by Elizabeth I in response to religious separatists

Spanish Armada (1588)

fleet sent by Philip II of Spain against England, In his mind a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.

William and Mary of England

Following James, they came to the throne after signing the English Bill of Rights

1517

Martin Luther/95 theses

1588

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

1598

Edict of Nantes ends French religious wars

1648

Peace of Westphalia