Task List Section D (5th Edition)

Non-Parametric Analysis

Non-Parametric Analysis

Type of Analysis with IV present or absent. Comparing treatment conditions.

Parametric Analysis

Type of analysis that varies the amount of the IV to find the most effective amount

Collateral Effects

When an IV effects behaviors other than the target behavior

Steady State Responding

Pattern of the target behavior with little variation over time Establishes the foundation of baseline logic

4 patterns of baseline

Descending
Ascending
Variable
Stable

3 parts of baseline logic

Prediction
Verification
Replication

Prediction

The projected result of a data path. More data points makes it stronger

Practice effects

Confounding variable that presents when behavior improves due to opportunities to emit it

Verification

Effectiveness of the IV is proven, data returns to baseline after removal of the IV

Replication

Reintroduce the IV and results are similar to the previous outcomes

Multiple baseline design

Type of experimental design with 1 IV and 2 or more DVs. The most utilized design used to demonstrate generalization when the target behaviors are irreversible but can show weak control

Multiple Probe

Variation of multiple baseline that uses staggered single data points to show relation between IV and acquisition of skills sequences

Delayed Multiple baseline

Variation of multiple baseline where new baselines are added when a novel behavior, subject or setting becomes available or known

Nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants

Series of AB designs in a specific order across subjects at different points in time when you can't take concurrent data

Changing Criterion Design

Type of experimental design where the baseline is followed by a series of treatment phases with gradually changing stepwise changes. Looks At how criteria can control responding

Reversal Design

Type of experimental design where responding is returned to a level from a different condition. Alteration between IV and baseline. Shows the strongest direct functional relation but has limitations of sequencing effects and irreversibility

Types of reversal designs

Repeated Reversals
BAB
Multiple Treatment Design
NCR reversal Technique
DRO/DRA/DRI reversal technique

BAB Reversal

Type of reversal with 3 phases used when the client displays dangerous behavior, when the IV is already present and when baseline isn't necessary. Limitation of sequence effects

Sequence effects

Confounding variable with reversal design where the implementation of the IV in one phase change behavior in the next phase

Multiple Treatment Design

Type of reversal Design that compares 2 or more IVs to baseline or each other. Shows which IV is most effective. (C D E F) Limitation of sequence effects

Non Contingent reinforcement reversal technique

Type of reversal design with a minimum of 5 phases that shows effects of reinforcement while using NCR as a control instead of baseline.

Differentail reinforcement reversal Technique

Type of reversal design that is less time consuming than NCR reversal. Shows the effects of reinforcement by using differential reinforcement (DRO/DRI/DRA) as the control condition instead of baseline

Irreversability

When a behavior can not be returned to baseline

Multielement design

Experimental design where 2 or more IVs are presented in rapidly alternating succession. Measures differential effects of IVs on the target behavior. Sd is usually associated with each condition.

Single phase without initial baseline

Most basic application of multielement design, all comparisons made in one phase

2-phase with initial baseline

Variation of multielement where treatment is implemented after stability in baseline

3-phase with initial baseline, comparison and final best treatment phase

Most popular variation of multielement where there is a baseline, treatment and final phase with the most effective treatment displayed

3-phase with initial baseline, comparison and final participants choice

Variation of multielement with baseline, treatment and final phase with the the participants choice of treatment displayed

Concurrent Chains design

variation of multielement design where the client makes a choice between 2 or more concurrently available IVs. IVs are presented by the researcher with an associated Sd.

Repeated reversals
BAB
Multiple treatment design
NCR reversal
DR reversal

5 variations of reversal design

BAB Reversal

Multiple treatment Design

NCR reversal

Single Phase without initial baseline

2-Phase with initial baseline

Internal Validity

Experiment shows that changes in behavior are a direct result of the IV and not another variable

4 confounding variables to Interval validity (MISS)

Measurement confounds
IV Confounds
Subject confounds
Setting confounds

Types of Measurement confounds

Observer Drift
Reactivity
Observer bias

IV confounds

When IVs are complicated and given together in treatment package

Types of subject confounds

Maturation
Practice
Adaptation
Warm-up effects

Setting confounds

More common in natural settings than in controlled space, bootleg reinforcement

Confounding Variables

Uncontrolled factor that may exert influence on the dependent variable that is unexpected and not considered in planning

Examples of Confounding Varaibles

Earthquake, illness, power outage

Extreneous Variables

Aspect of environment that must be held constant to prevent environmental variations. The researcher is usually aware of this.

Examples of Extraneous Variables

Lights, temp, noise, appearance of environment

External Validity

Results are generalized to other settings, subjects or behaviors. Relies on replication

Direct replication

Exact duplication of previous study, not common in applied settings

Systematic replication

Duplication with intentional changes to 1 or more features of a previous study.

Type 1 error

False positive

Type 2 error

False negative

Group

______________ designs randomly select a pool of subjects from the relevant population, divides the subjects into experimental and control groups, pretest, applies the IV to the experimental group and posttest

Single - subject

____________________ designs are used in behavior analysis