A&P Final Study Guide

The external ear terminates at the_________.

tympanic membrane

Anatomy is

the study of structure.

In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector

reverses the original stimulus.

The thumb is\_________ to the fifth digit (little finger).

lateral

The shoulder is\_________ to the elbow.

proximal

A term that means "toward the attached end of a limb" is\_________.

proximal

Which of the following is most inferior in location?

Pelvic cavity

A vertical plane that separates the body into right and left portions is called a\_________ plane.

sagittal

The cavity of the body immediately inferior to the diaphragm is the\_________ cavity

abdominal

In reference to the body temperature in living organisms, the set point can be defined as the

ideal normal value.

The four most abundant elements in the human body are

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom will have\_________ neutrons

20

A neutral atom will become a cation if it

loses electrons.

In ionic bonding,

electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by

decreasing the activation energy of the reaction.

The pH value

is determined by the concentration of in a solution.

Solution A has a pH of 10, and solution B has a pH of 2. Which of the following statements about these solutions is true?

Solution B has a higher concentration than solution A.

Large carbohydrates are formed from smaller units called\_________

monosaccharides

Triglycerides are composed of

glycerol and fatty acids.

Which of the following would be classified as a lipid?

Cholesterol – a steroid

The building blocks of proteins are\_________

amino acids

The primary structure of a protein is

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

To which of the following organic groups does lactose belong?

Carbohydrate

An enzyme

is a protein catalyst

Nucleotides

are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

In an oxidation-reduction reaction,\_________ are transferred between molecules.

electrons

Substance A is added to a solution, resulting in a decrease in the pH of the solution. Substance A\_________ the H+ concentration; therefore, it is considered a/an\_________.

increased; acid

The plasma membrane

regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means

only certain substances can pass through it.

Which of the following will increase the rate of diffusion

An increase in the temperature

Osmosis is the diffusion of\_________ across a selectively permeable membrane

water

Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move.

Most of the water will move by osmosis from solution B to solution A.

Active transport

requires ATP

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient is called\_________.

active transport

Excess glucose in animals is stored as\_________.

glycogen

Which of the following organs can store glycogen?

Liver and muscles

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body is known as\_________.

metabolism

The production of protein by cells is an example of\_________.

anabolism

The energy currency of the cell is a molecule called\_________.

ATP

Glycolysis is best defined as the breakdown of

glucose to two molecules of pyruvate

The formation of triglycerides is called\_________.

lipogenesis

Transamination

involves removing an amine group from an amino acid

The anatomical term that means "away from the midline of the body" is\_________.

lateral

Which of the following describes the position of the nose?

Superior to the mouth

Deep means

away from the surface

The plane that cuts the body lengthwise and separates the body into anterior and posterior portions is called\_________.

Frontal

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of\_________.

negative feedback

If the thoracic cavity was cut along the mid-sagittal plane, which of the following descriptions of the two halves would be accurate

The midsagittal plane would produce a right half that contained one lung and a left half that contained a lung and most of the heart

Homeostasis can be defined as \_________________________________________

maintenance of stable internal conditions

When one atom loses an electron and one gains an electron in order to form a bond, this is an \_________________________ bond.

ionic

In the process called\_________, glucose is broken down to two pyruvate molecules.

glycolysis

Catabolism within cells liberates energy, which is then captured and used to phosphorylate ADP to form\_________.

ATP

The formation of lipids from excess glucose is called\_________.

lipogenesis

Identify the embryonic germ layers

Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm

Select the processes that result in the repair of injured tissue

Regeneration and replacement

If a toxic drug inhibited mRNA synthesis, which of the following would be most directly affected

Protein synthesis

Which of the following sequences is correct

Transcription → translation → protein synthesis

Transcription

synthesizes RNA from DNA

Translation

requires the pairing of codons on mRNA with anticodons on tRNA

A DNA base sequence is A T G C C G. The sequence of bases in a strand of mRNA transcribed from this sequence of bases in DNA would be

U A C G G C.

Messenger RNA

is synthesized when a portion of a DNA molecule is transcribed

Which of the following molecules contains the anticodon

tRNA

The anticodon sequence GUA pairs with which of the following codons

CAU

The sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule is needed to determine the sequence of

amino acids in a protein

Three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA are called a\_________.

codon

DNA replication occurs during

the S phase of interphase

DNA replication results in two new DNA molecules. Each of these new molecules

has one strand of nucleotides from the parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand of nucleotides

In DNA replication

the leading strand is formed as a continuous strand

As cell division begins, DNA in the nucleus condenses to form\_________.

chromosomes

In the inflammatory response, clotting proteins form a clot. This action

walls off foreign particles and microbes

Which of the following occurs when the permeability of blood vessels increases during inflammation?

Migration of white blood cells to the site of injury

Which of the following tissue changes occurs when the permeability of blood vessels increases during inflammation?

Edema

Which of the following are symptoms of inflammation

Redness, heat, and pain

Which of the following statements concerning the process of tissue repair is false?

Labile cells cannot be replaced by the process of regeneration

Suturing a large wound

reduces risk of infection and helps to heal faster

What is formed from granulation tissue?

Scar

An accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces is called\_________.

edema

What occurs when wound edges are far apart?

Secondary union

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with\_________ tissue.

connective

A swollen, painful area of the skin that is also hot and red are symptoms that accompany which process?

Inflammation

The superficial layer of epithelium of the skin is called the\_________.

epidermis

Which type of skin cancer is the most common?

Basal cell carcinoma

Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?

Melanoma

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis

The epidermis

contains no blood vessels

Friction ridges of the hands and feet are produced by projections into the epidermis called\_________.

dermal papillae

Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

Which durable protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis

Keratin

The epidermal layer found only in thick skin is\_________.

stratum lucidum

Skin color is the result of the

quantity of melanin in the skin

Individuals with lighter skin have which of the following?

Approximately the same number of melanocytes as individuals with darker skins

The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called\_________.

cyanosis

A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is\_________.

carotene

A genetic disease characterized by the inability to produce melanin is\_________.

albinism

The dermal layer closest to the epidermis is the\_________.

papillary layer

Which of the following can be a result of apocrine sweat gland activity?

Body odor

Which of the following statements is true about sweat?

It is produced by a merocrine or apocrine gland

By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in\_________.

immunity

A painful and blistered burn would be classified as which of the following?

Second degree

Which type of burn involves damage to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue?

Full-thickness