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aldehyde/ketone + HCN (or -CN; H+)
cyanohydrin formation
CN and OH on same carbon
nitrile + H2/Pd
reduction of CN pi bonds
C triple bond to N goes to CNH2
nitrile + H2O/H+/heat
converted to carboxylic acid
aldehyde/ketone + H2O/H+
hydrate formation
OH and OH on same carbon
water favors carbonyl form except for small aldehydes
halogenated aldehydes/ketones form hydrates in product favored rxns
