entm mt 2

Hexapoda

Includes two subclasses Entognatha and Insecta

Order: Collembola (Springtails)

Small .3-6 mmm; Primitive compound eye (1-8 ommatidia); Mouthparts concealed; can molt as adults; Live in moist soil feeding; Dense populations

Furcula

Springtails use what as a jumping mechanism

Collaphore

Ventral tube structure on springtail

Order: Thysanura (silverfish)

Small; Apterygote (Lack wings); Have scales and cerci; Live in debris ; Detritivore; Molt after adult

How do Thysanura find mates; what do they give to females

Silk threads; Spermatophores

Order: Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)

Short lived adults 24-48 hrs; Hemi-metabolous; No mouthparts; wings as adult; Live 1-2 years as aquatic nymphs with gills (chewing mouthparts); Mate in swarms; sensitive to pollution

Order: Odonata (Dragonflies and damselflies)

Immatures: Aquatic with rectal gills, Terminal gills, predacious; Adults: Winged; Strong fliers; Chewing mouthparts; Hemimetabolous; predacious; claspers for maating

Odonata nymphs

Insect that has labium modified to capture prey

Order: Plecoptera (Stoneflies)

Adults: Soft bodied, membranous wings folded flat over body, Antennae chewing mouthparts; two terminal cerci; Immatures: Elongate, flattened, Gills on thorax or base of the legs, aquatic pred or graz., sensitive to pollution

How do male and female stoneflies attract eachother

Drumming

Order: Dermaptera (Earwigs)

Slender, elongate and flattened, Chwing mouthparts, short leathery front wings: cerci forceps, Hemimetabolous; Primarily tropical and nocturnal; Omnivores; some parasitic

Dermaptera (Earwigss)

One of the rarest insect habits because the mother take care of the eggs.

Order: Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Kaytidids

Chewing mouthparts, compound eyes; front and back wings; Cerci and ovipositor, Phytophagous (plant feeders), many use sounds

Tegmina

Front wings that protect the delicate back wings

Tympanum

Located on first abdominal segment in grasshoppers and locusts; Crickets, long horned grasshoppers, and katydids on front tibia.

Mole Crickets

Use burrow shape hole to amplify mating calls

Gregarious

Crowded conditions cause this phase for 2-3 generations

Solitary

Uncrowded conditions promote this state.

Order: Phasmatodea (Walkingsticks and Leaf Insects)

Chewing mouthparts, phytophagous. frequently wingliess; sometimes wings mimic leaves. excellent mimicry; can regenerate legs. uses chemical defenses

Order: Mantodea (soothsayer; praying mantids)

Prothorax elongated, fore legs raptorial; compound eyes; chewing mouthparts; Well developed wings; Can turn around an look behind them; have tegmina; ambush predators; females eat males after mating

ootheca

Praying matids use this frothy case to lay eggs in.

Order: Blattodea (Cockroaches)

Chewing mouthparts, compound eyes, long antennae and cerci; Flattened body shape; Legs adapted for running; Ancient group; Mating through pheromones; Tropical; use chemical defenses; Can digest cellulose in wood.

German cockroach

Cockroach defined by its two brown dark stripes on dorsal thorax

Order: Isoptera (Termites)

Soft bodied, chewing mouthparts, workers blind; Abdomen broadly joined at thorax; Social insects; Eat cellulose; adult reproductive have wings; workers sterile; soldiers have mandibulate pinchers

Nasute

Chemical nozzleheads that soldier termites use

Subterranean termites

Underground location, that live under ground, to terminate you need to treat soil

Drywood termites

Do not live in the soil; Can be identified through their frass or poop. Tenting to terminate them.

Order: Thysanoptera (Thrips)

Uses left mandible to puncture plant tissues; Small; Unusual metamorphosis feeding nymphs and then non-feeding stages; can cause damage to crops; Fringed wing

Order: Hemiptera (Auchenorrhyncha cicadas and hoppers, Sternorrhyncha aphids, whiteflies, scales; Heteroptera)

3 suborders; All have piercing or sucking mouthparts because they are liquid feeders; wings when adults

Honeydew

Sugar excretion that bugs pump out of anus

Cornicles

Tail pipes that secrete defensive chemicals (aphids or plantlice)

Scales

Male has wings, female no wings, nymphs are crawlers, parthenogentic

Heteroptera (true bugs)

Wings flat over back, Forewing leathery at base, mouthparts beak like, Wings form triangle shape. All liquid feeders, Some predators and blood-feeders.

Order: Phthiraptera (Lice)

All ectoparasites of birds and mammals, Eggs cemented to feathers or hair, small flattened, legs adapted to hanging onto hosts, worse in cold weather and stress.

Chewing Lice

Head broader than prothorax, hosts birds an mammals, feed on feathers, skin, hair; Damage host.

Sucking Lice (Anoplura)

Head narrower than prothorax, Pharynx good at sucking blood, Eyes Reduced, Symbiants (crab louse and body louse)

Order: Siphonaptera

(Fleas)

Small, laterally flattened, rows of combs, spines, wingless, jumpers; Ectoparasites

What are some cues for fleas to jump

vibration, warmth, shadows

Order: Neuroptera

(Dobson flies, lacewings, antlions)

Weak Fliers, Chewing mouthparts, some sickle shpared piercing mandibles, predaceous, aquatic or terrestrial

Family: Corydalidae (Dobsonflies)

(Dobsonflies)

Larvae aquatic predators; pupate in cells in soil; adults have sexual dimorphism;

Family: Chrysopidae (Lacewings)

(Lacewings)

Eggs laid on stalks, Biological control against plant-feeding insects; larvae predaceous (aphid lions); Pupate in silk cocoon

Family: Myrmeleontidae (Antlions)

(Antlions)

(lyrmeleontidae) → make traps to capture ants (prey)

Larvae in conical pits hunt ants through this pit; adults are long soft and slender.

Convergent Evolution

Species develop in a similar way even though they are not related

Family: Mantispidae (Mantidflies)

(Mantidflies)

fine leg → raptorial legs; Larvae predaceous on spiders, convergent evolution with mantids

Hypermetamorphosis

Egss hatch into very active early stage larvae late stage larvae less active.

Order: Mecoptera

(Scorpionflies)

Bulbous terminal genitalia of males; adult head with the elongated beak; weak fliers; eggs laid in soil; Eat small-bodied insects.

scorpion flies

Bring nuptial gift or construct piles of saliva or force mating.

Female lacks a “scorpion” tail

Order: Trichoptera

(caddisflies)

Related to moths and butterflies; Chewing mouthparts, hairy wings held roof-like; Females may enter water; Larvae aquatic, net-spinners, pupate in case

Function of caddisfly case

Respiration, protection, streamlining

Order: Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing parasites

Hypermetamorphosis; Internal parasites of insects; First larval stage active and remaining instar immobile. Males fly while females cannot. Pheremones used. Pupation in host. Females drop larvae into flowers.

Acrididae

\
grasshoppers, locusts (common families in orthoptera)

Thigmotaxic

Wanting to be in a tight crevice

Autotomy

Loses leg in defense

Catalepsis

Acting dead as defense mechanism (Web-spinners)

Trophallaxis

→ food exchange process

→ Frequent liquid **food exchange** among colony mates

(important biological aspects of ants)

Spittlebugs

(frog hopper)

live within bubbles on plants

makes bubbles. use bubbles as protection from their body. Live in rosemary plants. drink liquid from rosemary plants and use liquid to make a foamy layer. compound eye

Ant-hemipteran mutualism

* Both partners benefit 


* Aphids gain control
* Ants gain carbohydrate-rich resource

Aphididae

\

1. Aphids: usually wingless during cloning phases 


1. Alates: winged reproductives during the sexual phase 
2. __Transmit plant diseases__ 
3. **Ant-aphid mutualism**: **both** partners benefit 


1. Aphids: gain protection 
2. Ants: gain carbohydrate-rich resource

Buprestidae

HERBIVORES BEETLES


1. Jewel beetles (Family Buprestidae)

Shiny/ Metallic


1. Thin film interference
2. Textured cuticle
3. Diet/habits:


1. wood (prefer dying or weaken trees)
2. bore-tunnels in wood (larvae)
4. Pyrophilous “fire-loving” or heart → infrared organ can detect heat radiation from a distance

Bombardier beetle

defensive strategy:


1. Chemical weapons (common defensive strategy among carabid beetles) 

Bombardier beetle example: Hydroquinone & hydrogen peroxide (highly targeted)

Capitulum

 a swollen, fatty extension of the stick insect egg

(Phasmida (walking sticks & leaf insects)

Carrion beetles

(Family Silphidae)

Diet: dead animal (carrion) → decaying flesh of a dead animal  

Forensic importance:

colonize carrion during all stages of decomposition → great forensic importance 

Beneficial? Ecological Importance:

ecological role: recycling nutrients 

Defense against predators: chemical defense warning coloration (aposematic)

Chagas disease

transmitted by Family Reduviidae- assassin bugs → **kissing bug**; caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi) → swollen in the eyelids

Chewing lice vs. sucking lice

__**Mallophaga Chewing Lice**__ Feed on dead skin cells, hair, or feathers

**Anoplura Sucking Lice**  Feed on blood,  Human disease vector

Cicadellidae

\

1.  **leafhoppers & sharpshooters**: 


1. feed on plant sap 
2. often colorful
3. can be very damaging (feeding, disease-transmitting) (e.g. Pierces’ disease) 
4. Excessive honeydew production

Cicadidae

\

1. **cicada**s: produce very loud **sounds (tymbals)** -fossorial front legs in nymphs (digging tunnel); Synchronous emergence; periodical cicadas → There are seven species of North American periodical cicadas, all in the genus Magiciada. Four species live on a 13-year cycle, and three for 17 years 

Coccinellidae

ladybird


1. Description: larvae potted a banded w/ minute spines 
2. Adult w/ oval body shapes, bright  coloration 


3. Beneficial role: feed on other plant pests (e.g. aphids) 


4. Signals to their predators? Aposematic coloration (reflex bleeding) → noxious chemical 
5. Overwintering: some ladybugs “mograte” to specific overwintering spots

Common cockroach pests

\

1. Brown-banded, German, American. Oriental are common household roaches in the U.S

Convergent evolution

\

1.  independent evolution of similar features in species at different lineages 
2. convergent evolution w/ antlions: independent evolution of similar features ins species of different lineages

Corixidae

1. Family Corixidae- water boatmen 


1. freshwater aquatic 
2. lack gills, carry air bubbles down into the water to take oxygen from the water 
3. natatorial legs 
4. mostly herbivores (eat algae) 

Dactylopiidae

\
\
cochineals


1. sessile parasites on plants
2. lives on cacti in the genus Opuntia
3. natural dye carmine is derive

Sound production/detection in Grasshoppers

stridulate by rubbing their hind legs against the edge of closed wings; Short peg-like bumps on the inside of their hind femurs: file; the edge of the closed wing: scraper

Sound production/detection in Katydids and cricket

\
stridulate with the __wings only.__ A sharp edge or “scraper” on the lower wing is rubbed against a “file” on the underside of the other wing 

**Tympanal organ** in katydid and cricket

 front tibia

**Tympanal organ** in grasshopper

first abdominal segment

Tympanal organ

Hearing Organ

Subterran v. Drywood Termites

subterranean: from the soil, live in colonies in soil and feed on wood in contact w/ soil, travel underground 

Drywood termites: live in colonies above, produce fecal pellets 

Spittlebug (frog hopper)

**Order: Hemiptera** 

**Suborder: Auchenotrhyncha**

\
**makes bubbles. use bubbles as protection from their body. Live in rosemary plants. drink liquid from rosemary plants and use liquid to make a foamy layer. compound eye**

Red-shouldered bug

**order: Hemiptera** 

**family: rhopalidae**

Order Heteroptera **(true bug)** mouthpart

Sucking mouthparts (proboscis)

* Mandibles and maxillae: sheathed within a __modified labium__ to form a proboscis
* Filter chamber- Modification in a gut 
* “Filter chamber” separates the excess fluid from plant sap for rapid removal (**“honeydew”)** → eat too much sugar → eliminates acid fluids

Mandibles and maxillae (in true bugs)

sheathed within a __modified labium__ to form a proboscis

Filter Chamber in True Bug

* Modification in a gut 

it separates the excess fluid from plant sap for rapid removal

Order **Psocodea**

(bark lice, book lice, true lice)

* “gnawed wings”
* Feed primarily on fungi, algae, lichen, and organic debris in nature but also feed on starch-based household items like grains, wallpaper glue and book bindings
* Generally, prefer humid condition

Suborder Phthiraptera  (“true” lice)

1.  Scansorial legs (for clinging)


1. **Ectoparasitic lifestyle** → Chewing and sucking ice, Ectoparasites of mammals and birds, Wingless 

Both groups of lice are highly host-specific. 

\

Mallophaga Chewing lIce

* Feeds on: Feed on dead skin cells, hair, or feathers


* Hosts: Mammals & birds


* Head vs. prothorax: the head is wider than the prothorax

\

Anoplura

* Feeds on: Feed on blood


* Hosts: found on specific body parts of mammalian host
* Head vs. prothorax: the head is narrower than the prothorax

Head lice vs. Body lice 

* Head lice (*Pediculus humanus* __*capitis)*__ 


1.  Egg (nits) of head lice attached to the hair 
2. Hygiene is NOT a factor in the likelihood of getting head lice 
3. Up to 5% of elementary-age children may have head lice at any time


2. Transmission of disease by ___human body lice ______

**- Epidemic typhus fever**

* Body lice (*Pediculus humanus humanus*)


1. Hygiene DOES affect the likelihood of body lice 
2. can cause intense itching & rash

Epidemic typhus fever

transmitted by human BODY lice

Beetles as vectors of diseases

1. **Disease**- a disorder of structure or function in __a plant__ that produces specific symptoms


2. **Vector**- an organism that transmits a disease or parasite __from one animal or plant__ to another 
3. Causative agent or agent of disease: the pathogen or organism that actually causes disease

Click Beetles (Family Elateridae)

Adults can flip through the air (spinal & notch on the thoracic segments) → used to scare away predators -used to flip self 

Some are **bioluminescent (producing light)** 

→ bend body backward & move fat forwardly 

Fireflies or Lightning Bugs (Family Lampyridae)

Bioluminescence in the abdominal region 

Specialized cell: **phagocytes** (Luciferin, luciferase, energy, oxygen)

* involves specialized cells, phagocytes
* Luciferin (chemical digested by →), luciferase (enzyme), energy, and oxygen = when **mixed will produce light (no heat)**
* Highly efficient 
* Fireflies are in the west 

Differences between function of light in larvae versus adult in fireflies

\

1. sed to **attract mates (ADULTS)** 
2. __Larvae__ (not all larvae produce light) use their glow as an **APOSEMATIC SIGNAL**

Pheromones

chemical signals between individuals within the same species

Order Diptera (two wings): flies

Holometabolous, large, successful, and highly diverse order

            a. Adults day-fliers, but some important groups are nocturnal (also crepuscular -active at dusk or dawn) 

             b. Eggs laid in larval habitat (typically moist habitats environment)

(8-24 hrs) 

            c. Larval habitat: stay in or around their food source (relatively sedentary) 

Morphology: Adults flies

            a. Halteres: gyroscope

(one pair of wings is modified to halteres) 

            b. Some with sucking mouthparts: lots of variation

Morphology: Larvae fly

 a. No legs, sometimes spines -helps in movement within their food substrate 

            b. “Primitive” flies with well-developed ___head capsule___________  (___culiciform____________-type larvae)

(**culiciform-type larvae (presence if distinctive head capsule)**

            c. More derived flies have no ___head capsule ___________and reduced ___mouthparts ___(to hook)______ (____vermiform ___________-type larvae)

\n             d. Puparium: hardened last larval skin (exoskeleton) enclosing the pupa (in higher “ derived” dipterans w/ maggot-like imitates

Reproduction flies

1\. Courtship- diverse 

            a. Sound: wing beat frequency of females detected by male antennal organ (mosquitoes) 

            b. Vision: Many dipterans are visually oriented insects! Males aggregate around a larval food resource in which females will lay eggs (some dung flies)

    c. Leks: Males gather in places not associated with a resource and display/ defund territories 

Family Tipulidae

crane flies


1. Description: stilt-like legs-easily shed (defensive mechanism)


2. Unique or interesting characteristics→ Larvae can be important soil engineers 
3. 3. Larvae may be important because they: are important soil engineers

Family Chironomidae

(non-biting midgets)

* common nuisance around bodies of water frequently mistaken for mosquitoes