Bio 1500 EXAM III CONT (all slides)

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all animals?

Presence of cell walls

Which feature is unique to animals?

Movement associated with muscle tissue and nervous tissue

What type of nutrition do all animals have?

Heterotrophy

Are all animals multicellular?

Yes

Do animal cells have cell walls?

No; animal cells lack cell walls and have extracellular matrix

Most animals reproduce sexually or asexually?

Sexually

What embryonic stage is found in all animals?

Blastula

Which group lacks tissues?

Sponges (Porifera)

What two tissues are unique to animals?

Muscle tissue and nervous tissue

What is the primary advantage of bilateral symmetry over radial symmetry?

Enhanced ability to move in a consistent direction

Anterior cephalization is believed to be a consequence of the evolutionary development of what?

Bilateral symmetry

What does anterior cephalization mean?

Evolution of a definite head/brain area at the anterior end

Radial symmetry can be bisected into two equal halves through what?

Any plane through the central axis

In a snake, the head is what and the back is what?

Anterior and dorsal

Why was the evolution of tissues necessary for more complex body structures?

Tissues allowed formation of specialized organs and organ systems

Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system?

Ectoderm

Which germ layer gives rise to the musculoskeletal system?

Mesoderm

Frog musculoskeletal system is derived from which germ layer?

The middle germ layer, the mesoderm

Which germ layer forms digestive organs and the digestive tract?

Endoderm

Cnidarians are diploblastic or triploblastic?

Diploblastic

Sponges have germ layers?

No

What is a body cavity?

A space formed during development that is surrounded by mesoderm tissue

What are major functions of a body cavity?

Distributes materials, acts as a hydrostatic skeleton, and supports/protects organs

Which body cavity type is completely surrounded by mesodermally derived tissues?

Coelomate

Which body cavity type has a cavity between mesoderm and endoderm?

Pseudocoelomate

Which body cavity type lacks a body cavity?

Acoelomate

A pseudocoelomate has a body cavity between which tissues?

Between mesodermally derived and endodermally derived tissues

Which of the following is not a function of a body cavity?

Prevents cellular specialization

In protostomes, the blastopore develops into the what first?

Mouth

In deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the what first?

Anus

Protostomes are described as mouth first or mouth second?

Mouth first

Deuterostomes are described as mouth first or mouth second?

Mouth second

What kind of cleavage is classically associated with many lophotrochozoan protostomes?

Spiral cleavage

Embryos that can form twins when early cells are separated are most likely what?

Deuterostomes

What are two advantages of segmentation?

Redundant organ systems and more efficient flexible movement

Segmentation allowed for what two improvements?

Redundant systems and improved locomotion

What is the correct order of taxonomy from broadest to most specific?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

In the gray squirrel classification, Mammalia is what taxonomic rank?

Class

All animals are monophyletic means what?

They descended from a common evolutionary ancestor

Parazoa have tissues and symmetry?

No; they lack both tissues and symmetry

Eumetazoa have what that Parazoa lack?

Tissues and symmetry

Which phylum belongs to Parazoa?

Porifera

Which major protostome clade includes molting animals?

Ecdysozoa

Which major protostome clade includes mollusks and annelids?

Lophotrochozoa

Which animal group undergoes molting (ecdysis)?

Arthropods

Which of the following is characteristic of all lophotrochozoans?

Spiral cleavage

The Lophotrochozoa include which major phyla?

Mollusks and annelids

Which layer is the inner layer of a sponge?

Choanocytes

What is the central gelatinous matrix in a sponge called?

Mesohyl

What structures strengthen the sponge body?

Spicules and/or spongin

What is the primary function of choanocytes in sponges?

Creating water currents for filter feeding

Water flow through a sponge provides what?

Oxygen, food, waste removal, and sperm dispersal

Adult sponges are sessile or motile?

Sessile

Larval sponges are free swimming or sessile?

Free swimming

Sponge cells that have been separated can reassemble into a functional sponge.

True

How can sponges reproduce asexually?

Fragmentation

Most sponges are hermaphroditic or gonochoric?

Hermaphroditic

What is the primary function of colloblasts in ctenophores?

Capture of prey

Ctenophores move by what structure?

Rows of fused cilia

Comb jellies are mostly marine or freshwater?

Marine

Ctenophores have nematocysts?

No; they use colloblasts

Ctenophores are more structurally complex than cnidarians because they have what?

Anal pores

Many ctenophores are what light producing trait?

Bioluminescent

Cnidarians have a complete digestive tract?

No; they have a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening

Which structure is unique to cnidarians and used for prey capture and defense?

Nematocysts

If nematocysts could no longer function, what would occur?

Food capture would cease

Cnidarians have a nerve net or centralized brain?

A nerve net

What are the two basic cnidarian body forms?

Polyp and medusa

In a cnidarian life cycle with both forms, sexual reproduction usually occurs in which stage?

Medusa stage

What larval form develops from the zygote in cnidarians?

Planula

What does the planula develop into?

A polyp

What is between the epidermis and gastrodermis in cnidarians?

Mesoglea

What cavity is used for digestion in cnidarians?

Gastrovascular cavity

Cnidarians are carnivorous or herbivorous?

Carnivorous

Which class of cnidarians includes reef building corals and sea anemones?

Anthozoa

Which cnidarian class has no medusa stage?

Anthozoa

Coral polyps secrete what material for their exoskeleton?

Calcium carbonate

Atmospheric CO2 increase has done what to ocean pH?

Decreased it

Ocean acidification reduces the amount of what available for coral skeleton formation?

Carbonate, reducing calcium carbonate formation

Which cnidarian class has image forming eyes and can be highly venomous?

Cubozoa

What is a well known trait of box jellyfish?

Venom that can kill a human

Which cnidarian class includes the Portuguese man of war and Hydra?

Hydrozoa

Which cnidarian class is the only one with freshwater species?

Hydrozoa

Hydra is known for what ability?

Regeneration

What structure in the Portuguese man of war is the gas filled float?

Pneumatophore

Scyphozoans are commonly known as what?

Jellyfish

In Scyphozoa, which stage is dominant?

Medusa

Platyhelminthes are acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or coelomate?

Acoelomate

Platyhelminthes are segmented or unsegmented?

Unsegmented

Most free living platyhelminths move by what?

Ciliated ventral epithelial cells

Platyhelminthes have a complete or blind gut?

Blind gut

What distinguishes tapeworms from other platyhelminthes in digestion?

They lack a digestive system entirely

How do tapeworms obtain nutrients?

They absorb food directly through the body wall

What structure allows platyhelminthes to regulate water balance?

Flame cells

What is the primary function of flame cells?

Water balance

Most metabolic wastes in platyhelminthes leave how?

Diffuse into the gut and exit through the mouth

Platyhelminthes have what kind of nervous system?

Ladder like nervous system with cerebral ganglia

Planarians are known for what ability?

Regeneration

Most platyhelminthes are hermaphroditic or gonochoric?

Hermaphroditic

What are the two major parasitic platyhelminth groups covered for the exam?

Trematoda and Cestoda