BIOL 201 Midterm 1

Units 1-3 (Excluding Joints)

What is anatomy?

The study of a living organism

How many branches of anatomy are there?

There are two branches of anatomy

What are the branches of anatomy?

There is gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

What is gross anatomy

Gross anatomy focuses on the regional and systemic part of the body

What is microscopic anatomy

Microscopic anatomy focuses on the tiny things in the body, such as taking a slice of the brain (histology)

What are the levels of organization?

There are 6 levels of organisms: 1) Chemical 2) Cellular 3) Tissues 4) Organ 5) Organ System and 6) Organism

What are tissues made of?

Tissues are made of a collection of cells 

What are organs made of?

They are a structural unit made of tissues

What is an organ system?

An organ system is a group of organs working together for fuction

What does anterior mean?

Towards the front of the body

What does posterior mean?

Towards the back of the body

What does superior mean?

Towards the top of the body

What does ventral mean?

Towards the front of the body

What does cranial mean?

Towards the head

What does caudal mean?

Towards the rear/tailbone

What does medial mean?

Towards the midline of the body

What does dorsal mean?

Towards the back of the body

What does inferior mean?

Towards the bottom of the body

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline of the body

What does proximal mean?

Towards the trunk of the body/point of attachment

What does external mean?

Towards the surface of the body

What does distal mean?

Away from the trunk of the body/point of attachment

What does superficial mean?

Towards the surface of the body

What does internal mean?

Away from the surface of the body

What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side of the body

What does deep mean?

Away from the surface of the body

What does contralateral mean?

On the opposite side of the body

What does the anatomical position signify?

Signifies the common visual reference point (anterior)

What is in the axial region?

The axial region consists of the head, neck and the trunk

What is in the appendicular region?

The appendicular region consists of appendages or extremities

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

It splits the body in two ways: anteriorly and posteriorly

What is the Transverse (horizontal) plane?

It splits the body in two ways: superiorly and inferiorly

What is the sagittal plane?

It splits the body in two ways: right and left

What does midsagittal mean?

Equal division of the left and right side of body

What does parasagittal mean?

Unequal division of the left and right side of the body

Explain the posterior aspect?

The posterior aspect is subdivided into two cavities

What are the two body cavities of the posterior aspect

The two body cavities are the cranial and vertebral cavity

Where is the cranial cavity located?

The cranial cavity lies in the skull and encases the brain

Where is the vertebral cavity located?

The vertebral cavity runs down the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord

What is the ventral body cavity?

The ventral body cavity contains the visceral organs/viscera and there are two main divisions that is separated by the diaphragm

What are the two main divisions of the ventral body cavity?

The two divisions are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Where is the thoracic cavity located?

The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the ribs and the muscles of the chest

Where is the abdominopelvic cavity located?

The abdominopelvic cavity is surrounded by the abdominal walls and pelvic girdles

What is in the thoracic cavity?

The thoracic cavity has a mediastinum, pleural cavity, and the pericardial cavity

What is in the abdominopelvic cavity?

The abdominopelvic cavity has the abdominal and pelvic cavity

What separates the ventral body cavity’s?

The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

What is the hair?

The hair is composed of keratinized cells, bulb, follicle, and shaft.

In the anatomical position the palms face _ with thumbs pointing _ to the body

What is the skin system?

The skin is the largest of all the organs making up about 7% of the body weight and the thickness of the skin also varies in different areas of the body.

Where is the thinnest skin?

The thinnest skin is on the eyelids

Where is the thickest skin?

The thickest skin is on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

What are the functions of the skin?

Provides barrier to the external environment, protects deeper tissue from injury, has water retention and thermoregulations, excretion, houses cutaneous receptors, and synthesize vitamin D.

Why do we have scar tissue?

We have connective tissue that is made up of collagen which has a patchwork formation so when damage occurs there is a loss of patchwork, as our skin puts back collagen we lose the patchworkcx

What is the epidermis?

The epidermis is the thinnest part of the integument and is composed of both dead and living cells.

What are keratinocytes?

Keratinocytes are sites/cells producing keratin

What does the term keratinized mean?

Keratinized means the cells are dead

What are the layers of the epidermis?

The deepest layer is the stratum basale, then goes to the stratum spinosum, then to the stratum granulosum, and finally ends off with the stratum corneum the most external layer.

Where are the melanocytes located?

The melanocytes are located in the stratum basale.

Where are the tactile cells located?

The tactile cells are located in the stratum basale

Where is the basement membrane located?

The basement membrane is located in between the stratum basale and the dermis.

Where are the sweat glands located?

They are located in the stratum corneum.

Where are the keratinocyte located?

They are located in all-throughout the epidermis, dead cells residing in the corneum.

What is the apical surface?

It is the outermost layer

What is the lateral surface?

It is all the cells between the outermost and basale surface

What is the basale surface?

It is the very bottom layer of cells that are attached to the basement membrane.

What is the basement membrane?

It is the layer between integument system and other cells/tissue (dermis) and its made up of specialized extracellular layer within attaches the epidermis and dermis.

What is the stratum corneum?

It is where the dead cells reside creating a rough apical layer

What is the stratum granulosum?

Its its where water loss occurs so the cells slowly die here (also no blood vessels here).

What is the stratum spinosum?

It is responsible for the immune response

What is the stratum basale?

It is where cells divide, you will find keratinocytes, melanocytes, and merkel cells here.

How is the stratum basale connected to the basement membrane?

It is attached to proteins (hemidesmosomes) which allows for the attachment, keeping the cells in place.

How do keratinocytes go from living to dead?

Cells divide in the stratum basale, these cells are then pushed to the spinosum where there is low division (however keratin is still made here), it is then further pushed to the granulosum where water loss occur so the cells slowly die, after this process they become apart of the corneum making the apical surface.

What are keratinocytes?

There are different types of cells (stem cells) here, it is where skin originates (cell division) and vitamin D is synthesized here.

What are melanocytes?

It is where skin pigment is produced.

Why do we have different skin colours?

Everyone has the same amount of melanocytes, however these melanocytes determine the amount of products is produced + how long it stays.

What are Merkel cells?

They are tactile cells that recieve signals and relay it to neurons.

What is the dermis?

It is thicker than the epidermis and is made up of 2 layers, it also has the following: connective tissue, blood vessels, glands, nerve cells, and smooth muscle.

Why is there smooth muscle?

It surrounds the hair follicle, so when it contracts (from a signal from the Merkel cells) it allows the hair to stand up.

What are the two layers of the dermis?

The papillary and the reticular layer

What is the papillary layer?

It connects with the epidermis, so it gives strength, protections, and increases surface area (which is important for nutrients as all vasculature is located within the dermal)

What is the reticular layer?

It is dense connective tissue that extends to the subcutaneuous.

What is the subcutaneous?

It is called the hypodermis and is not a part of the skin as it is its own layer, it also protects the body (its an energy reservoir), has an extensive vascular network, and is full of connective tissue.

What are the connective tissues in the subcutaneous layer?

There is adipose (fat) and areolar (loose)

What is the purpose of adipose tissue?

Prevents deeper damage, absorbs shocks, provides thermoregulations and energy.

What is the free edge?

It is most distal part of our nails, and it is lighter because there is no vasculature underneath.

Where is the nail body located?

It is the part back to the cuticle

What is the nail root?

Where keratinocytes originate from, the starting process of keratinization, pushing outward

What is the nail matrix?

It is the active part that grows upward towards the nail root to the free edge.

What is the cuticle?

It is layer of skin that overlays for protection.

What is the bulb?

Where cells are produced

What is the follicle?

It is where the invagination of the epithelium forms a tube

What is the shaft?

It is the hair that extends beyond the skin

How does our hair stand up?

It stands up due to the smooth muscle (arrector pilli)

What is the sudoriferous (sweat) gland?

It is where sweat is secreted, there are two types.

What is sweat composed of?

It is mostly water with some ions, metabolites, and waste.

What are the two type of sweat glands?

Apocrine and Eccrine

What is apocrine?

It open directly on hair follicles in the axillary, anal, and genital areas, so sweat it secreted onto the hair which is then broken down by bacteria (causes body odour)

What is eccrine?

It actively produces true sweat and is connected to the surface via pores which helps with thermoregulation.

What is the sebaceous gland?

It produces sebum (oil: fats, proteins, and salts) that is discharged directly onto the hair, which lubricates for protection. The cell dies when released.

What are cutaneous glands?

They are other types of modified sweat glands.