etech quiz 1

CLT

cross-laminated timber. used for paneling.

GLULAM

glued laminated timber. used for structures like beams and columns.

embodied energy

total energy consumed by the production of a building

operational energy

energy consumed by the building that keeps it functional/operational

embodied carbon

the carbon it takes to produce/make the building, one-time emissions calculation

operational carbon

the carbon it takes to keep the building operational, over-the-lifetime of the building emissions calculation

concrete

aggregate + cement + water

reinforced concrete

embedded metal inside the concrete to help with tensile strength

concrete strength

stronger in compression

steel

iron + carbon alloy to make strengthed iron.

sustainable design

accommodates human needs without diminishing the health and productivity of natural systems. involves social, economic, and environmental issues simultaneously.

reduce

using less stuff to avoid the harm during the life cycle of the object

reuse

reuse different things throughout its life cycle

recycle

divert waste from landfills, but energy intensive

energy conversion

convert the material to energy for use later

treatment and disposal

landfills + waste treatment

gg emission %

buildings make up 55% of all GG emissions

harvested wood %

buildings in the US use 25% of all harvested wood in the world.

construction waste %

construction waste = 40% landfill material

perpetual resources

completely inexhaustible on a human scale of use

renewable resources

resources that are easily replenishable via natural resources.

non-renewable resources

resources that require thousands of years to replenish

greenwashing

performative environmentalism

green design

using a grid-based, non-renewable energy to slow the energy and pollution crisis. incorporates ecologically sensitive materials and efficient mechanical systems. still functions through the use of fossil fuels.

high performance building

energy, economic, and environmental performance of the building is better than the baseline.

building life cycle costs

purchase, operation, service + maintenance, environmental science, decommissioning

life cycle assessment

assess environmental impacts from the full life cycle

static load

constant load, applies slowly until the peak

dynamic/live load

applied suddenly to structure; rapidly changing

concentrated load

load that applied to a single small point

uniform load

uniform distribution of the load on the length of an area

column

vertical structural member that transmits loads down

beam

horizontal load member that carries transverse loads

truss

triangulated member of straight interconnected elementsa

arch

curved structure that carries a load across a gap via compression forces

vault

arches that are extruded out to make a tunnel/hallway

dome

rounded vault that has both tension and compression forces

shell

thin curved plate that transmits loads in 2+ directions

buildings account for ___ of all greenhouse gas emissions

50%

we spend ___ of our time in the built environment

93%

mass timber

uses state-of-the-art technology to glue, nail, or dowel wood products together in layers.

column systems

columnar style mass timber system. core is made of solid CLT and columns (glulam) are located around the floor to support the floor.

party wall systems

the core walls, the outside walls, and the party walls between the apartments are used as structural walls. the walls are formed out of CLT panels, and glulam is used when necessary.

honeycomb systems

majority of the walls are used as structural walls and are of CLT, which reduces the wall and floor panels to a minimum thickness.

steel is iron strengthened with ___

2% carbon

engineering solution (hybrid systems)

composite slab

acoustic solution (hybrid systems)

topping slab

environmental solution (hybrid systems)

waterproof slab on grade/footing

life safety solution (hybrid systems)

fire ratings, maximize allowable floor areas

context solution (hybrid systems)

client/contractor

different spatial quality considerations

material being exposed, scale of the space, porous to the exterior/interior, structural rhythm, acoustics

---

commerical and residential district contributes to ____ of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

10%

anthropogenic flux

fossil fuel production from industrial processes, changing land-use (deforestation)

natural flux

primary production and respiration

embodied carbon vs operational carbon… (graph)

embodied carbon does not change, but operational carbon increases with time

circular economy (cradle to cradle)

model of production and consumption that aims to minimize waste and maximize the lifespan of resources.

__ of the carbon emissions from cement is from burning fossil fuels to heat the limestone to make the cement

40%

__ of the emissions comes from the chemical process that releases carbon dioxide

60%

current innovations in concrete - use less cement

use other materials like mass timber, slag, fly ash, or just allow concrete to cure longer

current innovations in concrete - technology

reduction of required temperatures to make cement

current innovations in concrete - different furnaces

use electricity, biomass, or hydrogen instead of combustion processes

current innovations in concrete - carbon

use carbon capture and inject CO2 back into concrete

innovation in steel - blast furnace

blast furnace methods are being replaced by electric arc furnaces

innovation in steel - fuel

biomass/hydrogen as fuel = lower CO2 emissions

innovation in steel - carbon

carbon capture processes to make bioethanol

decomposition process

releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

buildings consume __ of all the energy utilized in the world

40%

building life-cycle costs

first cost, maintenance cost, energy consumption cost, useful lifetime, replacement costs

life-cycle assessment

cradle to cradle analysis technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product’s life.

wind loads damage

sliding, overturning, uplift

structural equilibrium

magnitude, direction, and point of application of forces. equal but opposite forces.

types of columns

long column, intermediate column, short column

steel columns shapes

W shape, C shape, L shape, Rectangle, Round

types of beams

cantilever, overhanging, fixed ended, simply supported, continuous

reasons for truss

long span, lightweight, less deflection, support considerable loads

truss components

heel, panel, web, top + bottom chords, peak, slope, splice

truss - compression

top chords are in compression

truss - tensions

bottom chords are in tension

reasons for arches

low-cost structures for large spans, precast, aesthetic, durability

reasons for dome

really strong, lighter weight + longer life, more energy efficient, highly resistant to winds, acoustics

structures used for acoustics

dome, folded plate shell