Chapter 3: Theoretical Perspectives on race and crime

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71 Terms

1

Fact

Observations of the world around us.

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2

Theory

When we know something works and is supported by logically intercalated statements.

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3

Law

Detailed description of consistent and observable phenomena.

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4

What is a theory?

More than a hunch or personal idea; it is testable and applicable to classes of people.

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5

San Bernardino School Shooting

An incident where a student made a verbal threat, leading to legal actions against the student’s father.

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6

Charges against the father in the San Bernardino case

Possession of a destructive device, manufacture of an assault weapon, and manufacture of a short-barreled rifle.

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7

Three main elements of a theory

Prediction, explanation, and foundation.

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8

Critical Race Theory

Analyzes the relationship between race, racism, and power.

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9

Tyre Nichols

Victim of brutal police beating, leading to calls for police reform.

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10

Memphis police's SCORPION unit

Deactivated following the death of Tyre Nichols.

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11

Update on Tyre Nichols case

Five officers charged; protests erupted demanding police reform.

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12

Biology, Race, and Crime

The historical linking of biology, particularly phrenology, to criminal behavior.

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13

Cesar Lombroso

Considered the father of criminology, linked race/ethnicity to crime.

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14

Crime and Human Nature (1985)

Book that controversially linked genetics and criminal behavior.

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15

Black Lives Matter Protests

Organized protests for racial justice following police violence incidents.

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16

Capitol Riot (January 6)

Event perceived as violent, but with no fatalities directly reported.

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17

What does IQ measure?

A number meant to measure cognitive abilities in relation to age.

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18

Average IQ range

Between 90 and 110 is considered average; over 120 is superior.

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19

Link between intelligence and crime

Early literature suggested lower intelligence correlates with criminal behavior.

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20

Henry H. Goddard

One of the early theorists who explored the link between IQ and crime.

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21

The Bell Curve (1994)

Book that proposed links between low IQ and various social issues, including crime.

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22

W.E.B. Du Bois’ urban ethnography

The first urban ethnography, examining the relationship between crime and social conditions.

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23

Social Disorganization Theory

Theory that crime results from social disorganization and breakdown of community structure.

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24

Chicago School of Sociology

Studied social disorganization in inner-city neighborhoods.

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25

Contemporary Social Disorganization Theory

Focuses on the concentration of disadvantage and lack of social buffers.

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26

The Latino Paradox

Theory suggesting lower levels of social disorganization in Latino communities compared to others.

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27

Culture Conflict Theory

Proposes that crime arises from conflicting norms across different cultural groups.

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28

Strain/Anomie Theory

Theory linking societal pressure to achieve goals to criminal behavior.

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29

Merton’s Strain Theory Typology

Includes conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.

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30

General Strain Theory (GST)

Expands strain theory by addressing removal of positive stimuli and presence of negative stimuli.

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31

Subculture of Violence Theory

Explains how certain groups normalize violence within their subculture.

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32

The code of the streets

Theory focusing on respect as central to issues of violence in impoverished neighborhoods.

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33

Conflict Theory

Focuses on power struggles and inequality as drivers of crime.

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34

Economic discrimination and crime

Conflict theory posits that socioeconomic disparities contribute to crime rates.

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35

Colonialism

Dominance over a political unit inhabited by people of a different race and culture.

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36

Integrated and Nontraditional Theories of Race and Crime

Explore how intersectional identities influence behaviors and crime.

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37

Black Compulsive Masculinity

Theory suggested by William Oliver on the tough guy image among Black males.

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38

Capitol Riot Executive Order

Aimed at pardoning individuals involved in the January 6 riots.

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39

Tyre Nichols' weight

Weighed 150 pounds, significantly less than the combined weight of the five officers involved.

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40

Merton's Conformity

Following societal goals through legitimate means.

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41

Merton's Innovation

Sharing cultural goals but using illegitimate means to achieve them.

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42

Merton's Ritualism

Giving up on achieving societal goals but continuing to abide by societal means.

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43

Merton's Retreatism

Rejecting societal goals and means, living outside conventional norms.

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44

Merton's Rebellion

Aiming to replace societal goals with one's own and devising original means of achieving them.

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45

Elijah Anderson

Urban ethnographer who formulated the code of the streets theory.

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46

What is Social Disorganization?

Characterize areas with unstable populations and a lack of social cohesion.

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47

William Oliver's theory significance

Explains behaviors adopted by some Black males to cope with societal pressures.

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48

Critical perspectives on Intelligence and Crime

Critiques of the links suggest cultural biases in IQ testing.

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49

Macro theories

Theories that look at large-scale social processes.

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50

Micro theories

Theories that focus on individual or small-group interactions.

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51

Bridging theories

Theories that connect macro and micro perspectives.

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52

Racial bias in health care

Systemic racism that adversely affects the health outcomes of Black individuals.

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53

Evidence from Tyre Nichols case

Lack of evidence supported claims of reckless driving prior to confrontation.

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54

Role of social buffers in communities

Individuals who serve as role models to prevent criminal behavior.

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55

What are systemic racism impacts?

Ensure ongoing disparities in health, education, and criminal justice for marginalized groups.

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56

Impacts of mass incarceration

Exacerbates social disorganization in affected depressed communities.

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57

Sampson and Wilson's research

Focused on the truly disadvantaged and their experiences with systemic barriers.

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58

Concentration effects in neighborhoods

Differences between living situations of whites and blacks contributing to crime.

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59

Danger of cultural disintegration in colonial systems

Loss of identity and cultural practices among colonized populations.

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60

Impact of the code of the streets on youth

Shapes behaviors and responses to conflict based on respect.

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61

Questions on the validity of IQ tests

Concerns over what IQ tests measure and potential biases present.

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62

Grassroots movements like Black Lives Matter

Challenge systemic racism and aim for societal reforms.

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63

Community-centered approaches to crime prevention

Emphasize environmental design and community involvement.

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64

What is the significance of theory in sociology?

Provides frameworks to understand complex social issues and guide interventions.

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65

Elijah Anderson's code of the streets focus

Central issue of respect and social norms in violence within communities.

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66

Empirical validity of subcultural theories

Examines structural, situational, and institutional factors affecting crime.

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67

Cloward and Ohlin's gang theories

Identified three orientations: criminal, conflict, and retreatist gangs.

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68

Factors affecting interpersonal violence

Structural, situational, and individual circumstances play significant roles.

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69

The significance of the Philadelphia Negro study

First urban ethnography that highlighted the relationship between crime and social conditions.

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70

Role of socioeconomic factors in crime

Explore how class and economic conditions affect criminal behaviors.

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71

Limitations of the Bell Curve thesis

Questions on the genetic basis of intelligence and its relation to crime.

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