HOSA: Sports Medicine Study Set

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

Strengthens immune system, acts an antioxidant, may protect against cataracts.

(citrus fruits & juice, strawberries, spinach.

Vitamin A

Essential for vision and keeps tissues and skin healthy

Folate (Folic Acid)

Helps prevent birth defects, Key element for new cell creation

(Cereals, asparagus, orange juice)

Nerve stimulation

Check for motor and sensory to determine if affected area has nerve damage

Normal Blood Pressure

120/80

Systolic

When the heart contracts

Diastolic

As the heart relaxes

Team Physician

To be available when emergency situations arise

Physicals

Clearing players to return to activity

BOC Certified Athletic Trainer

Prevention

Clinical Education and Diagnosis

Immediate care

Treatment, rehabilitation, and conditioning

Organization and administration

Professional responsibility

Athletes

Responsibility to maintain good physical condition

Practice techniques taught by coaches

Parents

Assist in keeping athlete healthy and are updated about injury or illness. Should be provided with info on nutrition and recommend home treatments. If athlete is a minor, AT should alert parents immediately

Officials

Responsible for enforcing fair rules, monitoring playing conditions, and cooperating with AT and physician

Coaches

Must plan practices that include conditioning and training of athletes and teach techniques and rules of sport.

Practices must be of reasonable duration, taking skill level, fatigue, and environmental conditions into consideration. Selecting, fitting, and maintaining protective equipment. Supervision of practice and game facilities must be reviewed by coaching staff. Must update education by attending clinics, review rule change, skill development, first aid/ CPR. Athletes wellbeing is 1st. Works close with team physician and BOC certified AT.

Athletic Training Student

Defined by interest , experience in allied healthcare, desire to gain knowledge of profession. Start with maintaining a clean athletic training area/facility. Other duties include inventory control, keeping track of supplies and equipment, and communication to head trainer. Should have checklist for practice, games, or road trips. Packing kits and other preparation activities. Preparing an sport/electrolyte drink or water. Documenting weight before and after practice. Recording for daily treatments. Treatments such as taping, wrapping,

changing dressings,giving minor treatments, and first aid procedures

To prevent cross contamination

Why is it important to keep athletic training facility clean?

Physical Rehabilitation program goal

To return the injured athlete to pre-injury levels of strength, power, endurance, flexibility, and confidence as quickly and safely as possible.

Rehab program focuses on...

Injured body part

What happens when if an athlete returns t activity without undergoing physical rehabilitation?

Could become re-injured.

2 principles to be avoided in rehab...

Pain- should be avoided

Encouragement of the athlete

Aggressive rehab program will require...

Particular exercise program by athlete at a level slightly lower than what causes pain,

Daily adherence to rehab program benefits athlete how?

-stays in the routine of working out

-daily exercise will result in tangible results

- psychologically: athlete will feel better about themselves if allowed to participate in his/her own recovery rather than watching practices.

5 phases of physical rehabilitation that need to be addressed-

-post surgical/ acute injury

-early exercise

-intermediate exercise

-advanced exercise

-initial sports re-entry

Along with exercise, AT must also deal with ....

-decreasing pain

- effusion

-inflammatory response to trauma

Returning an athlete to a pain-free active range of motion will increase...

- muscular strength, power, and endurance to anatomical structure

4 basic components of any physical rehab program are...

-therapeutic exercise

-therapeutic modalities

-athletic education

-goal setting

When determining purpose of an exercise, always consider...

joint range of motion,

muscle strength, power, endurance, balance, proprioception, kinesthetic awareness and cardiovascular fitness (total body conditioning)

Progressive resistive exercises are used to increase...

Muscular strength, power, and endurance

Purpose of Taping and wrapping

Primary: to provide additional support, stability, and compression for affected body part.

Taping and wrapping techniques can be applied to...

Shorten the muscles angle of pull

Decrease joint range of motion

Secure pads, bandages and protective devices

Apply compression to aid in controlling swelling

Taping: prep removal of hair

The athlete should shave the affected body part. This eu ensure a good solid foundation for the tape, will allow for easy tape removal, and will reduce skin irritation.

Taping prep: cleanse the area

Make sure the sling in clean and moist free

Taping prep: spray adherent

Spray the affected area with an adherent to aid adhesive quality

Taping prep- skin lubricants

In areas of high friction or sensitivity, a skin lubricant such as heel and lace pad will help reduce the possibility of irritation

Taping prep- underwrap

Foam wrap used to hold heel and lace pads in place. Use of underwrap over entire taping area can compromise stability of taping technique

Supportive wraps

Utilized to aid in muscle function and support and to reduce excessive range of motion.

Used for short periods of time (competition or practice)

Common terminology for the wraps are...

Spica, figure of eight, and pad support.

Spica wraps

Traditionally employed at the hip and shoulder joints.

Figure of eight wraps

Placed over ankle, knee, elbow, and wrist, and hand joints.

Supportive wraps

Aid in securing pads after proper placement of felt, foam rubber, and protective devices.

What does PRICES stand for?

Protection

Rest

Ice

Compression

Elevation

Support

What kind of pattern is used when applying a compression wrap?

Spiral

Compression wrapping process

Start distal to injury, cross injured joint, and finish proximal to affected area.

How does elevation assist in a compression wrap?

Assists in moving fluids out of injured area.

When should compression wraps take place?

Every 4 hours.

When applying supportive techniques to an athlete you should...

Be aware of specific rules for that particular sport.

Primary purpose for protective device...

Prevent an injury and to protect injured anatomical structures from firth aggravation.

Protective device can be applied to add...

Additional protection, support, stability, and compression.

How are braces and special devices are beneficial?

If are intelligently selected, used within the rules and guidelines of specific sport.

Foam

used in conjunction with various taping/wrapping procedures to increase efficacy of technique.

thinks to keep in mind about foam is...

proper size, thickness, shape, and foam composition

thermoplastic

can allow the injured athlete to return to practice and or competition with an increased awareness that the injury will be protected.

because the hardness of thermoplastic...

may be restricted from some sports

limited to a certain body part

require padding according to guidelines

Felt

applied by same criteria as foam.

factors to be considered in construction and application of felt pad are...

size, thickness, and use of either adhesive or non-adhesive felt.

in the construction of a special pad, the following criteria should be considered...

1- does the pad meet specific rules and guidelines of sport?

2- does the pad perform the function for which it was designed?

3- will the pad contribute to further injury to the area or to an adjacent area?

4- Will the pad alter the function or void the warranty of a manufactured piece of equipment (i.e., helmet, shoulder pads)

Blisters

most often found on the feet.

as the layers of skin rub together, friction causes separation. The body responds with fluid formation. The fluid causes pressure on nerve endings- perceived as pain.

what happens when a blister is neglected?

may break and causes a open wound.

ankle sprains

range from muscle strains and ligament strains to dislocations and fractures.

mechanism of ankle sprain is usually...

combination of excessive inversion and plantar flexion.

ligament most often injured in an ankle sprain

anterior talofibular

why are ankle taping most preventive of inversion sprain?

because sprains are mostly lateral.

Which is less common? Eversion or Inversion.

Eversion

Medial side of ankle is the...

Deltoid ligament

Deltoid Ligament

Helps prevent excessive eversion or turning of the heel outward mvmt.

Categories of sprains

First degree, second degree, or third degree.

First degree sprain

One or more of supporting ligaments and surrounding tissues are stretched. Minor discomfort, point tenderness, little to know swelling. No abnormal movement in the joint to indicate lack of stability.

Second degree sprain

A portion of one or more ligaments are torn. There is slight pain, swelling, point tenderness, disability and loss of function. There is slight abnormal movement in the joint. The athlete may not be able to walk normally and will favor the injured leg.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

prevents anterior translation of the tibia on the femur; main stabilizing ligament in the knee, runs from anterior tibia to posterior femur

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

prevents posterior translation of the tibia on the femur; least important as far as stabilizing; runs from posterior tibia to anterior femur

Medial Collateral Ligament

long and thick; injured by a lateral blow; located on the medial side of the knee; connects to the cartilage of the knee (medial meniscus)

Lateral Collateral Ligament

thin and small; injured by a medial blow; doesn't attach to meniscus

Medial Meniscus

meniscus shaped like a "c"

Lateral Meniscus

meniscus shaped like a "o"

Meniscus

shock absorbtion; adding to joint stability and helping to smooth the gliding and rotating movements of the femur and tibia

The Synovial Membrane

a large, closed sac that lines the inside of the knee joint, helping to lubricate the tendons, ligaments, and bones

Joint Capsule

lined on the interior by the synovial membrane and externally by various ligaments and muscular structures taht help stabilize the knee

Contusion Injuries

caused by a direct blow or by falling on the knee (compression)

Torsion Injuries

occur when the feet are fixed and the body is twisted (cutting/shearing)

Patella Tendonitis

inflammation of the tendon just above (supra) or below (infra) the patella

Chrondromalacia Patella

a painful degenerative condition that results in the irritation and softening of the articular cartilage on the posterior patella

Osgood-Schlatter's

condition common to adolescent males and is characterized by swelling at the tibial tuberosity

CKCE

closed kinetic chain exercises; exercises where the extremity is in a weight bearing position (squats, lunges)

OKCE

open kinetic chain exercises; exercises preformed when the joint is non weight breaing

Valgus Stress

lateral stress or force on the outside of the knee

Varus Stress

medial stress or force on the knee

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

apophysitis characterized by pain at the patella tendon's insertion on the tibial tuberosity

MOI: repetitve stress in the proximal tibial epiphysis where the patella tendon attaches to the tibial tuberosity; condition occurs most commonly in adolescent males although increasing in occurence among adolescent females

Signs/Symptoms: swelling of the tibial tuberosity, pain exacerbated by activities involving jumping, running, kicking

AIM: RICE, patella tendonitis strap

Patella Tendonitis

inflammatory response from repeated stress or irritation of the patella tendon AKA jumper's knee

MOI: overuse, repeatitive jumping activities involving forceful knee extension

Signs/Symptoms: pain while performing resistive knee extensions, point tenderness over inferior pole of patella and patella tendon

AIM: RICE, quadriceps flexibility, strap

Chrondromalacia Patella

softening (degeneration) on articular surface of posterior patella.

MOI: direct trauma to the patella, abnormal patella tracking

Signs/Symptoms: anterior knee pain while running, walking, squatting, going up steps, swelling around patella, crepetition when flexing and extending knee (grinding noise)

Plica

a fold in the joint capsule which was unabsorbed becomes inflamed and irritated

MOI: overuse/irritation which irritates and inflames plica

Signs/Symptoms: pain resulting from plica snapping over femoral condyles as the knee is flexed and extended, point tenderness

Patella-Femoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS)

fancy name for a set of symptoms - pain and discomfort around the knee (shinsplints of the knee)

MOI: patella tracking issues, if patella doesn't glide correctly it causes friction between femur and the underlying cartilage of patella

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

(AIDS)

A viral disease caused by the HIV virus which destroys the immune system and renders the patient susceptible to other infections. It is contracted through blood and other body fluids and is incurable

Aseptic

Clean environment; preventing infection

*sterile

Athletic Training Student Aide

High school students who begins studying this field by assisting the athletic trainer

Blood Pressure

The force of blood exerted against the walls of the arteries

Low BP: <100/65 mmHg

High BP: >139/89 mmHg

Blowout Fracture

A break in the orbital socket resulting from a direct blow to the eye

*Baseball, Lacrosse, Racquetball

Comminuted Fracture

Break having 3 or more fragments at the fracture site

*Contact Sports

Core Temperature

The internal body temperature

normal blood temperature: 98.6℉

37℃

Crepitus

A crackling or grating sound heard upon movement of a damaged bone or joint

Ethics

Morals; set of principles or values that influences behavior

*Goal is to provide a healthy environment for the athletes to participate

Homeostasis

The stable of equilibrium through the body systems to changes either internally or externally to the environment