Comprehensive Review of Substance Use, Mood Disorders, and Suicide for Exam Preparation

What is the overall cost of substance misuse in the United States?

$740 billion

How many people in the United States have used illegal substances in the past year?

139 million

What percentage of teenagers have used an illegal substance?

25 percent

What is the percentage of indigenous people with a substance use disorder?

27 percent

What is the term for any substance other than food that affects our bodies or minds?

Drug

What is substance intoxication?

A cluster of changes in behavior, emotion, or thought caused by substances.

What are substance use disorders?

Maladaptive behavior patterns and reactions caused by repeated substance use.

What does tolerance mean in the context of substance use?

The need for increasing doses of substances to produce the desired effect.

What is withdrawal?

Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms occurring with drug stopping or cutting back.

What is one symptom of substance use disorder?

Substance often taken in larger amounts than intended.

What is a common effect of depressants on the central nervous system?

They slow the activity of the CNS.

What is the most widely used depressant?

Alcohol

What is the intoxication level of ethyl alcohol in the blood?

0.09 percent

What percentage of U.S. residents consume alcoholic beverages?

More than 67 percent

What are the long-term effects of excessive alcohol consumption?

Cirrhosis and major nutritional problems.

What is the prevalence of alcohol use disorder in the U.S. population older than 11 years?

10.6 percent

What is binge drinking defined as?

Five or more drinks on an occasion.

What are opioids?

Natural and synthetic drugs known collectively as narcotics.

What is a major danger associated with opioid use?

Overdose

What are common stimulants?

Cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, and caffeine.

What is the most powerful known natural stimulant?

Cocaine

What are the early withdrawal symptoms of opioid use?

Anxiety and restlessness.

What is the impact of alcoholism on families and social relationships?

Alcoholism destroys families, social relationships, and careers.

How many college students binge drink at least once a month?

33 percent

What are the lingering impacts of binge drinking on students?

Mood, memory, and brain/heart functioning.

What is the risk associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

It can lead to a wide range of social and psychological struggles.

What is the prevalence of opioid use disorder?

12 percent illicit opioid use.

What is the prevalence of cocaine use in the U.S.?

Tried by 51 million people; currently used by 2.3 million.

What are the effects of high doses of cocaine?

Cocaine intoxication, psychotic disorder, and depression-like letdown (crashing).

What are the more powerful forms of cocaine available since 1984?

Freebasing and Crack.

What are common forms of amphetamines?

Amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine.

What effects do small doses of amphetamines have?

Increase energy and alertness; reduce appetite.

What is the misuse rate of amphetamines among college students?

Almost 1 in 10 undergraduates acquire them without prescriptions.

What is methamphetamine often associated with?

Club drug culture and raves.

What are the dangers of methamphetamine use?

Serious negative effects on physical, mental, and social life; linked to increased ER visits.

What is the prevalence of stimulant use disorder among people older than age 11?

0.6 percent for methamphetamines or other amphetamines.

What are natural hallucinogens?

LSD, MDMA (Ecstasy), and Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms).

What is LSD derived from?

Ergot alkaloids.

What are the effects of LSD?

Hallucinogen intoxication, altered sensory perception, psychological changes.

What is the major active ingredient in cannabis?

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

What is cannabis use disorder's prevalence in the U.S.?

5.8 percent of people have this disorder within the past year.

What are the dangers of cannabis use?

Tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, panic reactions, and long-term health problems.

What is polysubstance use?

Taking more than one drug at a time.

What are the biological factors contributing to substance use disorders?

Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitters, and brain reward circuits.

What is the incentive-sensitization theory?

Repeated stimulation of the reward center leads to hypersensitivity to substances.

What is the role of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating substance use disorders?

Helps clients identify and change behaviors and cognitions contributing to misuse.

What is detoxification?

Systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug.

What are antagonist drugs used for?

To block or change the effects of a drug and help resist substance abuse.

What is drug maintenance therapy?

Programs designed to provide a safe, legally supervised substitute for heroin.

What factors contribute to the development of substance use disorders?

Stressful socioeconomic conditions, family attitudes towards drug use, and peer relationships.

What is the prevalence of hallucinogen use in the U.S.?

15 percent of the population has used hallucinogens at some point in their lives.

What are the dangers associated with hallucinogen use?

Self-injury, bad trips, and flashbacks.

What is the common treatment approach for substance use disorders?

Combination of various approaches with motivational interviewing.

What are the psychological effects of MDMA?

Produces hallucinogenic effects, energy boost, and feelings of connectedness.

What is the effect of cannabis when smoked?

Produces a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects.

What defines a gambling disorder?

An individual displays a maladaptive pattern of gambling, featuring at least four symptoms over the course of a full year.

What is a common treatment for gambling disorder?

Cognitive-behavioral approaches, such as relapse-prevention training.

What percentage of adults are affected by gambling disorder?

2 to 4% of adults.

What is the prevalence of gambling disorder among teenagers and college students?

3 to 10%.

What are some symptoms of gambling disorder?

Increased gambling to achieve excitement, repeated failures at controlling gambling, and gambling triggered by upset feelings.

What is unipolar depression?

Depression without a history of mania.

How common is unipolar depression in U.S. adults?

Around 8% are diagnosed with severe unipolar depression in any given year.

What is a major depressive episode?

A 2-week period where a person displays an increase in depressed mood and/or a decrease in enjoyment of most activities.

What are some emotional symptoms of depression?

Feeling miserable, empty, or humiliated; experiencing little pleasure.

What cognitive symptoms are associated with depression?

Negative self-views and blaming oneself for unfortunate events.

What are the physical symptoms of depression?

Headaches, dizzy spells, or general pain.

What is the average age of onset for unipolar depression?

19 years.

What triggers severe episodes of unipolar depression?

Stressful events; 80% of severe episodes occur within a month or two of a significant negative event.

What is postpartum depression?

Depression triggered by hormonal changes of childbirth, impacting mother-infant relationships.

What are common treatments for unipolar depression?

Antidepressant medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy.

What neurotransmitters are often low in individuals with unipolar depression?

Serotonin and norepinephrine.

What are the biological treatments for unipolar depression?

Antidepressant drugs, brain stimulation therapies, and ketamine-based drugs.

What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Antidepressants that increase serotonin activity without affecting other neurotransmitters.

What is the role of the immune system in depression?

Dysregulation under stress can contribute to depression, leading to inflammation and other health issues.

What is the difference between reactive and endogenous depression?

Reactive depression is triggered by external events, while endogenous depression occurs without an obvious external cause.

What is the significance of the DSM-5-TR in diagnosing depression?

It lists several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder.

What is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depressive disorders?

It may have triggered a 25% increase in depressive disorders.

What is the significance of the subgenual cingulate in depression?

It is associated with brain circuit dysfunction and irregular activity in depression.

What is a common symptom of major depressive disorder?

Considerable weight change or appetite change.

What is the role of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression?

It helps individuals change negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with depression.

What are the effects of chronic inflammation related to depression?

It can lead to higher incidences of migraines, chronic fatigue syndrome, and other illnesses.

What is the importance of self-help groups in treating depression?

They provide support and shared experiences, which can aid in recovery.

What is the relationship between gambling disorder and impulsivity?

Individuals with gambling disorder often have an impulsive, novelty-seeking personality style.

What are biological treatments that stimulate the brain?

Methods include Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), Vagus nerve stimulation, Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and Deep brain stimulation (DBS).

How does vagus nerve stimulation work?

An implanted pulse generator sends electrical signals to the vagus nerve, which then delivers signals to the brain to help reduce depression.

What is the cognitive-behavioral model of depression?

It posits that depression results from problematic behaviors and dysfunctional thinking.

What is the cognitive triad in Beck's theory?

It consists of a negative view of experiences, oneself, and the future.

What is learned helplessness according to Seligman?

Depression occurs when people believe they have no control over life's reinforcements and assume responsibility for their helpless state.

What are the key components of behavioral activation?

Reintroduction to pleasurable activities and consistently rewarding non-depressive behaviors while withholding rewards for depressive ones.

What is the role of social rewards in depression?

A decline in social rewards can impact depression, leading to avoidance by others and decreased social contacts.

What is interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)?

A treatment focusing on interpersonal loss, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits.

What is the artifact theory regarding gender and depression?

It suggests that the higher rates of depression in women may be due to biases in diagnosis rather than actual differences.

What is the hormone explanation for gender differences in depression?

It posits that hormonal fluctuations may contribute to women's higher rates of depression.

What is the life stress theory in relation to depression?

It suggests that women may experience more stressors that trigger depression.

What is the significance of the cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) phases?

CBT phases include increasing activities, challenging automatic thoughts, identifying negative thinking, and changing primary attitudes.

What does the new-wave approach to therapy suggest?

Individuals do not need to fully discard negative cognitions to overcome depression.

What is cyclothymic disorder?

A milder form of bipolar disorder that continues for 2 or more years with occasional normal moods.

What are the symptoms of a manic episode?

Symptoms include grandiosity, reduced sleep need, rapid thoughts, attention pulled in many directions, heightened activity, and risky behavior.

What neurotransmitter activity is related to mania?

Mania may be related to high norepinephrine activity and low serotonin activity.

What is the impact of bipolar disorders on relationships?

Bipolar disorders can have a dramatic impact on relatives and friends due to mood shifts.