Chapter 14: Endocrine System (Part 1)

"Describe the primary function of the endocrine system."

"The primary function of the endocrine system is to produce specialized chemicals called hormones that directly enter the bloodstream and travel to specific tissues or organs of the body known as targets."

"How do hormones influence bodily functions?"

"Hormones help to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, energy level, and sexual characteristics."

"Define antagonistic in the context of biological responses."

"Antagonistic refers to acting in opposition; it means mutually opposing and can deactivate or prevent a response."

"What is the role of an agonist in biological systems?"

"An agonist activates a response in biological systems."

"Define electrolytes and their function in the body."

"Electrolytes are salts and minerals that conduct electrical impulses in the body."

"What is glucagon and its function?"

"Glucagon is a hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen (a starch form of sugar) into glucose."

"Explain what glucose is in terms of digestion."

"Glucose is a simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion."

"Define sympathomimetic and its effect on the body."

"Sympathomimetic refers to an agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which increases the 'fight or flight' response."

"Describe the function of the pituitary gland."

"The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it regulates the functions of other endocrine glands."

"Identify the location of the thyroid gland."

"The thyroid gland is located in two lobes on either side of the trachea."

"Explain the location of the parathyroid gland."

"The parathyroid gland consists of two pairs of pea-shaped organs located on the underside of the thyroid gland."

"List the two hormones secreted by the pancreas."

"The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon."

"Differentiate between the functions of insulin and glucagon."

"Insulin removes glucose from the blood by promoting storage in tissues as carbohydrates when blood glucose levels are high, while glucagon stimulates the release of glucose from storage sites in the liver when blood glucose levels are low."

"Which gland is responsible for secreting melatonin?"

"The pineal gland secretes melatonin."

"Define the term 'pancreat/o'."

"The term 'pancreat/o' refers to the pancreas."

"What does 'thyr/o' or 'thyroid/o' signify?"

"The terms 'thyr/o' and 'thyroid/o' refer to the thyroid gland."

"Identify the meaning of 'thym/o'."

"The term 'thym/o' refers to the thymus gland."

"What does 'crin/o' indicate in medical terminology?"

"The term 'crin/o' indicates the act of secretion."

"Define 'adren/o' or 'adrenal/o'."

"The terms 'adren/o' and 'adrenal/o' refer to the adrenal glands."

"What does 'toxic/o' or 'tox/o' mean?"

"The terms 'toxic/o' and 'tox/o' refer to poison."

"Explain the significance of 'gluc/o', 'glyc/o', and 'glycos/o'."

"The terms 'gluc/o', 'glyc/o', and 'glycos/o' refer to sugar."

"What does 'calc/o' represent in medical terminology?"

"The term 'calc/o' refers to calcium."

"Identify the meaning of 'kal/i'."

"The term 'kal/i' refers to potassium."

"What does the suffix '-crine' indicate?"

"The suffix '-crine' indicates a secretion."

"Define the suffix '-dipsia'."

"The suffix '-dipsia' refers to thirst."

"What does the suffix '-gen' signify?"

"The suffix '-gen' signifies something that produces or generates."

"Explain the meaning of '-toxic'."

"The suffix '-toxic' refers to poison or toxic."

"What does '-uria' indicate in medical terms?"

"The suffix '-uria' indicates a condition related to urine."

"Define the prefix 'eu-'."

"The prefix 'eu-' means good or normal."

"What does 'exo-' signify in medical terminology?"

"The prefix 'exo-' signifies outside or external."

"Explain the meaning of 'poly-'."

"The prefix 'poly-' means many or excessive."

"Describe the condition caused by the oversecretion of hormones T4 and T3."

"Graves Disease is the most common form of hyperthyroidism caused by the oversecretion of hormones T4 and T3."

"Define Cushing Syndrome."

"Cushing Syndrome is caused by exposure to excess cortisol."

"How does acromegaly differ from gigantism?"

"Acromegaly involves gradual changes over 7 to 10 years with widening and enlargement of facial features, jaw, hands, and feet due to hypersecretion of GH after growth plates have fused. Gigantism involves excessive growth of bones and tissues due to high levels of GH during childhood, resulting in abrupt development and increased height."

"What characterizes dwarfism?"

"Dwarfism is characterized by hyposecretion of GH during childhood, leading to a lack of growth and short stature while maintaining normal body proportions."

"Explain the effects of hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) during childhood."

"Hypersecretion of GH during childhood leads to gigantism, which results in excessive growth of bones and tissues."

"What are the physical changes associated with acromegaly?"

"Acromegaly is associated with gradual widening and enlargement of facial features, jaw, hands, and feet."

"Identify the growth-related condition that results from hyposecretion of GH."

"Dwarfism results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood."

"What is the time frame for changes observed in acromegaly?"

"Changes in acromegaly occur very gradually over a period of 7 to 10 years."

"Describe the growth pattern in gigantism."

"Gigantism is characterized by abrupt development and excessive growth in height due to hypersecretion of GH during childhood."