Untitled Flashcards Set

Definition of Digestion

Digestion is the process where the body breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used for energy.

Definition of Ingestion

Ingestion is the act of taking in food and liquids through the mouth.

Definition of Egestion

Egestion is the removal of undigested food and waste from the body in the form of faeces.

Mechanical Digestion

Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces without changing its chemical structure.

Example of Mechanical Digestion

An example is chewing, where teeth crush and grind food into smaller pieces.

Chemical Digestion

Chemical digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller molecules by the action of enzymes and acids.

Example of Chemical Digestion

An example occurs in the stomach, where stomach acids and enzymes break down proteins.

Types of Teeth

Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

Function of Incisors

Incisors cut food into smaller pieces.

Function of Canines

Canines tear food, especially meat.

Function of Premolars

Premolars grind and crush food into smaller pieces.

Function of Molars

Molars grind and crush food into even smaller pieces.

Nutrient: Carbohydrates

Primary source of energy for the body, found in foods like bread and rice.

Testing for Starch

Use iodine solution, which turns blue-black when it reacts with starch.

Testing for Glucose

Use Benedict’s solution and heat; it changes from blue to orange/red if glucose is present.

Testing for Proteins

Use Biuret solution, which turns purple when proteins are present.

Testing for Fats

Use Sudan III dye; if present, fats will form a red-stained layer.

Role of Amylase

Amylase breaks down starch into simpler sugars.

Role of Pepsin

Pepsin breaks down proteins into smaller molecules called peptides.

Role of Lipase

Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Importance of pH in the Stomach

The stomach's pH (1.5 to 3.5) is important for activating pepsin and for killing harmful bacteria.

Function of the Small Intestine

The small intestine absorbs nutrients from food.

Function of Villi

Villi increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.

Function of Bile

Bile emulsifies fats, making them easier to digest.

Function of Pancreas

Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

Absorption Process

Absorption occurs in the small intestine where nutrients enter the bloodstream.

Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Importance of Water in Diet

Water is essential for regulating body temperature, transporting nutrients, and removing waste.

Role of Probiotics

Beneficial bacteria that help maintain a healthy balance in the gut microbiome.

Key Nutrients in Diet

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals are essential for survival.

Functions of Minerals

Minerals like calcium and iron are vital for bone health and oxygen transport.