AP History Ch. 17

was violated by the U.S. government after gold was discovered in the Black Hills

The Treaty of Fort Laramie

wars that began when Euroamerican settlers ran over Native American lands

The Indian wars on the Great Plains were

160 acres free to any citizen or prospective citizen who settled on land west of the Mississippi River for five years

The Homestead Act of 1862 promised

the growth of agriculture through commercialization and expanding urban markets

Between 1870 and 1900, the proportion of those who lived on farms in the United States fell from 80 percent to 66 percent. Yet this period witnessed

sprawling industrialized communities

Virginia City, Nevada, and other mining centers can best be described as

making it possible for ranchers to fence in their cattle

The invention of barbed wire revolutionized the cattle industry by

benign neglect

The federal government's policy toward territorial government in the West can best be characterized as one of

people from various parts of Europe, Asia, and the Americas

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the area from the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean was populated in large part by

an increasing number of laborers worked land they would never own

As agriculture in the South and West became big business in the post-Civil War era,

Indian children were forced to live with white families over summer vacation

Under the "outing system"

organizing labor unions and mounting strikes

Cowboys reacted to the harsh new realities of the ranching West by

ignored by the popular fiction of the time, despite their substantial presence in the region

African American cowboys in the West were

displaced small ranchers, many of whom ended up as wageworkers

Efforts to fence in formerly free range land

had been snatched up by speculators

By the 1870s, homesteaders discovered that most of the prime land in the West

90 percent

Of the workforce that built America's first transcontinental railroad, Chinese laborers made up

both buffalo hunters hired by the railroads and irresponsible sportsmen

The buffalo herds on the Great Plains were decimated by

water rights

Lux & Miller controlled not only California land but also

broke up reservations and allotted individual pieces of land to Native Americans

The Dawes Act (1887)

the Great American Desert

In the years after 1870, the western portion of Kansas and Nebraska and the eastern portion of Colorado were referred to as

the richest vein of silver ore found on the North American continent

The Comstock Lode was

were beneficiaries of the spoils system

The vast majority of territorial appointees chosen by the president

the Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller of the far West

Henry Miller and Charles Lux can best be described as

chunks of dried cattle and buffalo dung

"Chips," the most prevalent form of fuel used for cooking and heating in the plains, were made of

formed early and held considerable bargaining power

In the western mining industry, labor unions

own their own land

In the three decades after 1870, hundreds of thousands of Americans migrated to the West to

Homestead Act of 1862 and the opening of the transcontinental railroad

The two factors that most helped stimulate the land rush in the trans-Mississippi West were the

had led to a sharp decline in the Chinese population of the American West by 1900

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

"Remove all to a safe place and then reduce them to a helpless condition"

General William Tecumseh Sherman summed up the U.S. government's policy toward Native Americans when he wrote:

increasingly saw family farms give way to commercial farming

Between 1870 and 1900, the trans-Mississippi West

one-fifth

Of the 2.5 million farms established between 1860 and 1900, homesteading accounted for

equally speculative and exploitative

Compared to the mining West, life in the agrarian West was

fell by more than 60 percent

Between 1860 and 1880, the population of Californios (Mexican residents of California)

were forced to work hard at even the simplest tasks

Women on the frontier

an Apache warrior and chieftain who led raiding parties and killed ranchers on both sides of the Mexican border

Geronimo was

the soldiers feared an uprising provoked by a militant interpretation of the Ghost Dance religion

The U.S. army gunned down unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890 primarily because

fallen to 250,000 from an estimated 15 million at the time of first contact with Europeans

By the end of the Indian Wars, the Native American population in the continental United States had

grew discouraged and sold out to Anglos

By the 1870s, after decades of trying to prove their title to land grants following the end of the Mexican-American War, many rancheros (Mexican ranchers)

mythologized and romanticized life in the Old West

The proliferation of dime novels and outfits like William F. Cody's Wild West Company

in the mines

Although the Chinese were thought to be hard workers, anti-Chinese prejudice prevented them from working

was a religious ritual that was supposed to resurrect fallen warriors and rid the Indians of white intruders

After 1889 Ghost Dance

enriched speculators in San Francisco and other cities

The wealth produced in the Nevada mining industry primarily

Thomas Jefferson

By the late nineteenth century, farmers were no longer the self-sufficient yeomen anchoring the Republic described by

gave railroad companies 180 million acres of public land

To encourage railroad construction in the decades after the Civil War, state and federal governments

an important part of a nationwide transformation

The development of the West between 1870 and 1890 was

helped create a sizable group of poorly paid migrant farmworkers

In the 1870s and 1880s, both commercial agriculture in California and cotton farming in southeastern Texas

distance, funding, and local hostility limited the government's ability to prosecute cases

The federal government did little to halt corruption and scandal in the western territories because

the government gathered up nearly five hundred Apaches and sent them as prisoners to Florida, including the scouts who had helped track Geronimo

After Geronimo surrendered to General Miles,

has a disastrous impact of the land and their food supply

For Native Americans, the discovery of precious metals on the Comstock

Irish

The largest ethic group in the western mining district was the