Exam1 Ch3

A set of 55 vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from the chapter on bacteria and archaea.

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

1. dna

2. ribosomes

3. cytoplasm

4. cell membrane

all cells have what 4 things?

unicellular

What is a trait that describes all bacteria?

cocci, bacilli, and spiral

What are the 3 bacterial shapes?

Cocci

Spherical-shaped bacteria.

Bacilli

Rod-shaped bacteria.

Spiral

Spiral or helical-shaped bacteria.

diplo, staphylo, strepto

What are the 3 main bacterial arrangements?

diplo

two arranged together

staphylo

cluster of bacteria arranged together

strepto

chain of bacteria arranged together

Flagella

Long, whip-like appendages that provide motility to bacteria.

Pili

long, tubular appendages used for attachment and genetic exchange.

Fimbriae

short, hairlike appendages that help in attaching to surfaces.

nanotubes

long, thin appendages that are for energy exchange between cells

S layer

type of surface coating that is a hard, thin layer of protein and acts as a suit of armor

Glycocalyx

A surface coating that is a thick, slimy layer of protein and sugar

biofilm (glycocalyx)

communities of bacteria that adhere to surfaces & work together to share resources & survive; it is more difficult to remove/kill than individual bacteria

Capsule

A tightly fitting layer of glycocalyx around a bacterial cell.

Slime layer

A loose outer layer of glycocalyx.

Cell Wall

A semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape to the cell.

Cytoplasm

A water-based solution that fills the cell.

Endospore

A dormant structure formed within bacteria that allows it to survive harsh conditions.

Plasmid

Circular, double-stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria.

Nucleoid

The region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located.

Inclusions

Aggregates of nutrients, gases, or other substances stored in bacteria.

Biofilm

Communities of bacteria that adhere to surfaces.

Bacterial chromosome

The condensed DNA molecules in prokaryotes directing genetics.

Bacterial flagellum

Specialized appendage for motility in bacteria.

Archaea

Single-celled organisms similar to bacteria but genetically distinct.

Thermophiles

Organisms that thrive at high temperatures.

Halophiles

Organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.

Methanogens

Archaea that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct.

Cytoskeleton

A structure made of protein fibers that helps maintain cell shape.

Outer Membrane

An additional membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria.

Peptidoglycan

A polymer that makes up the bacterial cell wall.

Lipopolysaccharides

Large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, important in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Membrane proteins

Proteins that span the membrane of a cell and perform various functions.

Periplasmic space

The space between the inner and outer membranes in Gram-negative bacteria.

Flagellar movement

The mechanism by which bacterial flagella rotate, providing motility.

Intracellular membranes

Membranes within a cell that compartmentalize the cell's functions.

Cytoplasmic membrane

The innermost membrane that separates the cell from its environment.

Semipermeable

A property of the cell membrane that allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.

Archaellum

The flagellum-like structure found in archaea.

Extremophiles

Organisms that thrive in extreme environments.

DNA energy resources

Unique ways in which archaea obtain energy from their environment.

Ribosomal RNA signatures

Unique sequences of RNA used to identify ribosomal types.

Ester linkages

Chemical bonds formed between fatty acids and alcohols, typical in bacterial lipids.

Unique DNA

Refers to the distinct genetic makeup of archaea that differentiates them from bacteria and eukaryotes.

Chlamydiae

A group of bacteria that are obligate intracellular pathogens.

Spirochetes

A group of bacteria characterized by their unique spiral shape.

Mycobacteria

Bacteria with waxy cell walls that are resistant to certain chemicals.

Proteobacteria

A diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria that can produce oxygen.

Flavobacteria

A group of bacteria known for their yellow pigments.

Thermotoga

Bacteria that thrive in high-temperature environments.