ap gov missed qs

Which of the following is a true statement about the role of the media in providing citizens with information?

Demand for instantaneous news reporting has led to the growth of 24-hour news operations and a shift to online media consumption.

Which of the following describes the Twenty-Fourth Amendment?

\n It eliminated poll taxes.

Which of the following statements presents the most important limitation of the data in the graph?

There is no information about the total number of state legislators.

A 2017 study in *The American Economic Review* found that watching Fox News during an election cycle increased a Democrat's chances of voting Republican by 28 percent. Conversely, by watching MSNBC Republicans were more inclined to vote Democrat by 8 percent. This scenario best illustrates which of the following about the media?

Cable news programming is oftentimes ideologically driven and effective in persuading citizens to adopt their point of view.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of rights protected and not protected by the First Amendment?

first am protects right to burn a flag, does not protect obscenity

Which of the following accurately compares the formal and informal powers of the president?

formal - acting as commander in chief of military; informal - signing executive agreements with foreign nation

A public school district implemented a policy that allowed students to vote on whether they wanted a student-led prayer to be read at football games. This policy was later found to be unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court. Which of the following clauses did the policy most likely violate?

The establishment clause

Which of the following scenarios explains how demographic factors affect voter participation in elections?

Wealthier individuals are more likely to become involved in campaigns because they believe that their actions may influence the candidates.

The Supreme Court ruled in *McDonald* v. *Chicago* (2010) that a citizen’s right to keep and bear arms at home for self-defense is protected from state and federal infringement. Which of the following is most relevant to that decision?

Selective incorporation

Which of the following is an example of Congress using its implied powers?

Congress passing occupational safety regulations for the private sector

Which of the following is an example of checks and balances?

A rule issued by a bureaucratic agency may be declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Which of the following describes the origin of the United States court system presented in the diagram?

Article III of the Constitution established a Supreme Court, while other federal courts were established by Congress.

In May of 2015, a federal appeals court ruled that the National Security Agency’s collection of Americans’ phone records was in violation of the USA PATRIOT Act. Which of the following core values are involved in the national debate regarding the surveillance program referred to in this scenario?

Liberty versus stability and order

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the checks held by the legislative and judicial branches?

leg on jud - impeaching and removing federal judges; jud on leg - declaring an entire law unconstitutional

Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., *The Imperial Presidency*, 1973 - Based on the passage above, which of the following constitutional provisions would the author most likely identify as a solution to the problem of the imperial presidency?

Congress insisting that it declare war prior to the use of international force

Which of the following is a limitation of the data when drawing a conclusion about the most important problem facing the country in 2017 ?

The data were collected in a short time frame, which does not reveal full-year trends.

A person claiming that the House can pass legislation with a simple majority, but the Senate is unlikely to pass legislation unless a bill has the support of a 60-vote supermajority is most likely to cite which of the following institutional differences as the cause of this trend?

The House has strict limits on debate, while the Senate allows unlimited debate.

The president privately discusses with his staff a decision to increase economic sanctions on Iran. Before a final decision is made, a draft of the proposal is leaked to a reporter. The president orders the reporter and her newspaper to suspend publication of the plan, citing issues of national and economic security. Which of the following best indicates how a court would rule in this case if the Supreme Court’s ruling in *New York Times Co.* v. *United States* (1971) was used as a precedent?

Freedom of the press includes a heavy presumption against government censorship, and the documents can be published by the press.

The America First Action is a super PAC led by former administrator of the Small Business Administration Linda McMahon. Which of the following best explains how the organization can operate to influence elections, according to the decision in *Citizens United* v. *Federal Elections Commission* (2010) ?

The super PAC can spend unlimited money on issue-advocacy advertisements that are not coordinated with the campaign.

A number of states, including Georgia and Ohio, have passed laws that revoke voter registration if a person did not vote in recent election cycles. Which of the following is a likely consequence of these laws?

Occasional voters will not be able to vote on election day, which could influence election results.

Adam Smith, *The Wealth of Nations*, 1776 - Which of the following best summarizes the perspective of Adam Smith in the passage?

The government should not be used to promote manufacturing.

Based on the passage and your knowledge, which of the following most likely explains how Adam Smith might react to the decision in *McCulloch* v. *Maryland* (1819) ?

Smith would disapprove of the court's decision to expand the federal government's power to regulate the economy.

Which of the following is a consequence of having concurrent powers within a federal system of government?

Citizens and interest groups seeking policy change can choose from multiple access points.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the relative functions and electoral success of the two major political parties (Democratic and Republican) and third parties?

Major Parties - The rules of the electoral college favor the major-party candidates in presidential elections; Third Parties - Winner-take-all voting districts hinder the electoral success of third-party candidates.

Which of the following is the most accurate comparison of the processes that generally facilitate gridlock and those that facilitate governmental action?

Facilitates Gridlock - Checks and balances; Facilitates Action - Executive orders

Source: United States Census Bureau, 2017 - Which of the following characteristics best explains the data on the map?

Federalism creates differences between states on the implementation of health-care policy.

preamble

introduction to the Constitution. Tells us what the government does

articles

outlines the structure of the government. 7 of them. 1st 3 create branches of gov

amendments

adds our individual rights and liberties and other general additions. 27 of them

federalism

there are levels of government (national, state, county, city)

separation of powers

each branch of government has a different job

checks and balances

branches have to answer to each other

limited government

the government is not all powerful. There are some things the government can't do

judicial review

power of the court to determine the actions of other branches unconstitutional

popular sovereignty

people give power to the government

articles of confederation

first governing document of the United States

bill of rights

first ten amendments to the Constitution

bicameral legislature

law-making group with two houses (House of Reps and Senate in US)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review by declaring the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

US established a national bank in MD. MD tried to tax the bank. Bank sued MD over the tax. The Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government to create a bank based on the Necessary and Proper Clause and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A family's children have to walk a long way and past a white school to get to their assigned school. They sue the BOE. SCOTUS unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Plaintiff was convicted of felony breaking and entering in a trial in which he represented himself after being denied an attorney under the 6th amendment because it was not a capital trial. Petitioned SCOTUS and they determined that defendants have the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Students in an Iowa school were suspended for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam war. Ruled that this suspension was unconstitutional, and that public school students do not "shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse door."

Roe v. Wade (1973)

The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Student brought gun onto school property. Charged under federal Gun Free School Zones Act. Was this law constitutional? Nope. Commerce clause of Constitution does not give Congress the power to regulate guns near state-operated schools. First time since Great Depression SCOTUS limited the power of Congress to pass laws under the commerce clause.

Baker v. Carr (1962)

TN hadn't redistricted state legislative districts in 60 years leading to unequal populations in districts and, therefore, unequal representation. Decision in this case established the principle of "one person, one vote" and made such patterns of representation illegal. The Court asserted that the federal courts had the right to tell states to reapportion their districts for more equal representation.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

NY mandated non-denominational, school-led prayer be led at the start of each school day. Student participation was voluntary. SCOTUS decision prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of 1st Amendment's establishment clause and the 14th Amendment's due process clause; Warren Court's judicial activism.

New York Times v. US (1971)

Sometimes called "Pentagon Papers Case", this case wound up in the SCOTUS over newspapers publishing of what became known as the Pentagon Papers which included information about a classified Defense Department study regarding the history of United States activities in Vietnam. The President argued that prior restraint was necessary to protect national security. SCOTUS ruled that in order to exercise restraint, the Government must show sufficient evidence that the publication would cause a "grave and irreparable" danger.

Schenck v. US (1919)

During World War I, a man distributed leaflets declaring that the draft violated the Thirteenth Amendment prohibition against involuntary servitude. The leaflets urged the public to disobey the draft, but advised only peaceful action. SCTOUS unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger." Likened distribution of such leaflets to shouting "fire" in a crowded theater.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Chicago gun bans challenged in court after SCOTUS ruling in DC v. Heller declared such bans unconstitutional. SCOTUS ruling incorporated the 2nd Amendment right to bear arms to the states.

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

NC redistricted to create two "majority-minority" districts. SCTOUS ruled NO racial gerrymandering; race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Amish families challenged state law that required students to attend school until they were 16. SCOTUS ruled that compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the free exercise clause

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

Group sues gov. over prohibition of advertising for their movie, Hilary: The Movie, in which they outline why they didn't think she would be a good president. Corporations have a 1st Amendment right to expressly support political candidates for Congress and the White House. Corporations are people, money is speech.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Author- Thomas Jefferson

-Written to announce America's independence from Britain and why.

-ideas taken from enlightenment philosophers

Articles of Confederation (1781)

Author(s)- The First Continental Congress + 13 Colonies

\-Distributed powers for federal and state governments. Made state governments more powerful.

\-Weaknesses: no checks or balances, no separation of powers, no supreme courts, no president, fed. gov could not tax.

U.S. Constitution (1788 ratified)

Authored primarily by James Madison

\-Replaced Articles of Confederation

\-Created a competitive policymaking system to better represent the people

\- Implements federalism = relationships between state and federal governments.

\- Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) added after ratification to appease Anti-Federalists

Federalist No. 10 (1787)

Authored by James Madison

Topic of Essay:

\- Faction: disagreement among people. often leads to people forming organized groups opposed to each other.

\- Dictatorship is worse than factions; liberty is essential

\- Can't eliminate faction, but can control its effects.

\- Direct democracy is bad. Minority is unrepresented.

\- Best form of government:Medium sized republic

Federalist No. 51 (1788)

Author- James Madison

Topic of essay:

\- Separation of powers is essential because it provides liberty

\- Government must be given power (Not too much= dictatorship, Not too little= anarchy)

\- Government is needed because human nature is selfish

\- Citizens are the best checks on government (elections and impeachment).

\- Elections work, but separation of powers + checks and balances are crucial.

\- Egos of officials must be matched by other officials egos.

\- Legislative is the most powerful branch. (We need to separate it into two parts= house + senate).

\- Federal and state governments will have checks and balances in its branches.

\- Majority may try and suppress the minority (Tyranny of the Majority)

\- No king or dictator= republic to protect a variety of interests.

Federalist No. 70

Author- Alexander Hamilton

Topic of essay:

\- The benefits of a strong presidency

\- unified government, effective government, protection against foreign invasion

\- The "ingredients" of an executive that keeps a republic safe (unity, longer terms, power to the people)

\- No co-presidency (Or more than 1 president)

\- disagreements, leads to factions, Gridlock, cannot pin-point responsibility/blame.

Federalist 78

Author- Alexander Hamilton

Topic of Essay:

\- Judicial branch

\- Lifetime appointments of Justices will prevent them from being swayed by public opinion

\- Judiciary branch is the weakest (no purse or sword) needs powers.

\- Judiciary branch needs to be separate + have powers to promote liberty

\- Judicial review

\- Interpreting laws + keeping constitution supreme

\- Precedent

\- Judges need lifetime appointments to study all the elements of the constitution.

Brutus \#1

\- The constitution takes too much power away from people

\- The elastic clause gives the government too much power

\- The supremacy clause gives federal government too much power

\- The government's ability to control our military peace and war destroys our liberty

\- The Necessary and Proper Clause gives leeway to create a bunch of laws

\- People in power will try to gain even more power

\- These people will use their own power to their benefit

\

"Letter from a Birmingham Jail," 1963

Author- Dr. Martin Luther King, jr. -response to criticism of civil rights movement by white clergymen who thought it should be fought in the courts rather than the streets

\- King discusses racist laws and their entrenchment in society that necessitates movement to be so visible

second amendment

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Establishment Clause

first amendment clause that has been interpreted to mean that the government cannot establish a national religion, show preference for one religion over another, or show preference for having religion over not having religion

free exercise clause

A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.

Engel v. Vitale

The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren.

Wisconsin v. Yoder

Amish people refused to send their children to school past the 8th grade when the state required public schooling for all children until age16. Result: This law is in conflict with the Free Exercise clause. The statute is in direct conflict with Amish beliefs. The Amish may teach themselves.

pure speech

the verbal expression of thought and opinion before an audience that has chosen to listen

symbolic speech

Using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Tinker v. Des Moines

The case that ruled that students do not lose Constitutional rights when they entered the building but they can be limited if they cause a disruption

Schenck v. United States

Supreme court decides that any actions taken that present a "clear and present danger" to the public or government isn't allowed, this can limit free speech

Miller v. California

A 1973 Supreme Court decision that avoided defining obscenity by holding that community standards be used to determine whether material is obscene in terms of appealing to a "prurient interest" and being "patently offensive" and lacking in value.

New York Times v. US

Supreme Court case protecting the freedom of the press by allowing the New York Times to publish the "Pentagon Papers" despite the Justice Department's order to restrict it

McDonald v. Chicago

The Court held that the right of an individual to "keep and bear arms" protected by the 2nd Amendment is incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment and applies to the states. The decision cleared up the uncertainty left in the wake of District of Columbia v. Heller as to the scope of gun rights in regard to the states.

Filibuster

ability of a senator to debate a bill for as long as they want to prevent it from being voted on.

Franking Privilege

free postage for members of congress

pocket veto

If the president doesn't sign a bill within 10 days and Congress is not in session, the bill dies.

veto

president's rejection of a bill. can be overridden with 2/3 vote in both houses

cloture

3/5 vote to end a filibuster

bicameral

2 house legislature

joint committee

group within congress that allows members of both houses to solve problems specific to congress. ex: printing, library

House Requirements

25 years old, 7 years citizen, resident of state, 2 year term

Senate Requirements

30 years old, 9 years citizen, resident of state, 6 year term

expressed powers

powers written in Constitution. Ex: tax, borrow, currency, war, commerce. also called enumerated or delegated

Conference Committee

group made up of members of both houses of Congress to create a compromise bill to send to the President

Necessary and Proper Clause

Article I, Section 8, Clause 18. constitutional basis for implied powers.

Senate specific powers

ratify treaties and approve presidential appointments

standing committee

A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area

congressional committees

a legislative sub-organization in the United States Congress that handles a specific duty

Speaker of the House

the leader of the majority party who serves as the presiding officer of the House of Representatives. 2nd in line of presidential succession

President of the Senate

Vice President. Presiding officer of the Senate. No vote, no debate. Not a senator.

President Pro Tempore

Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president

seniority system

a system that gives the member of the majority party with the longest uninterrupted service on a particular committee the leadership of that committee

holds

Senators have power to place HOLD - Indication of disapproval for a bill, strong hesitation will likely lead to a filibuster, a hold allows Senators to be informed of any change in status or action on a bill or confirmation, holds can usually be very powerful/influential, if there are 60 votes: Holds won't stick.

unanimous consent

a motion by all members of the Senate who are present to set aside formal rules and consider a bill from the calendar

House Rules Committee

An institution unique to the House of Representatives that reviews all bills (except revenue, budget, and appropriations bills) coming from a House committee before they go to the full House. Determines length of debate and type of amendments allowed.

Committee of the Whole

A device used in the House of Representatives to expedite the passage of legislation. The quorum is reduced from 218 members to 100, and the Speaker appoints a member of the majority party as chair. Time allotted for debating the bill in question is split equally between its proponents and opponents. The committee cannot itself pass legislation but may debate and propose amendments.

discharge petition

Petition that, if signed by majority of the House of Representatives' members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration.