14.3 Gene regulation and expression

Operon

Prokaryotic, a group of genes that are regulated together

Operator

Prokaryotic, a binding site (o) where a DNA binding protein known as the lac repressor can bind to DNA. ½ sites next to the operon’s 3 genes.

Differentiation

The activation of genes that specifically make different tissues and organs

Homeotic gene

Master control genes that regulates organs that develop in parts of the body. EUKARYOTIC

Homeobox gene

Genes that code for transcription factors (gene repressors etc.) that activate other genes that are importantly for cell development and regulation. EUKARYOTIC

Hox gene

A group of homeobox genes in a single cluster. EUKARYOTIC

Cell regulation

How cells regulate their genes (umbrella term) for everything

Gene expression

Genes making specific proteins

Gene regulation

Genes turning on and off

For prokaryotic o binding site

Gene repressors bind to the o site and block the p site form binding with rna polymerase and synthesizing the dna strand

In eukaryotic binding site

Three mechanisms:

Add acetylene and methyl groups to chromatins to condense it or take it out to expand it and dont or do allow gene expression

What bends the dna

The proteins to connect the promoter and the enhancer

Three ways

Eukaryotic

Wrapped around histon, methyl group blocks transcription

Protein bends the dna so enhancer and promoter can be tg

Promoter is the TATA box btw for the bending

Prokaryotic

Promoter and operator and operon, operator is blocked by repress or, something when something is present takes away reps resort and lets rna player mass start from the promoter

Promoter is what

TATA BOX IN DNA FOLDING BYBRPTOEIN EUKSROYTIC WAY TO TRASNCRIBE

Promoters are specialized DNA sequences located upstream of a gene that

act as binding sites for RNA polymerase and transcription factors to initiate gene transcription.

Introns intteruot they get into the way

Keep exons get rid of introns

Methyl groups and histones, TATA box, and operons are in

Are in dna

Caps and tails are on what and why doesn’t it matter that they are there and what do they do

mRNA and it doesn’t matter what the caps and tails Is because the start and stop codons are there anyways for the amino acids to translate with ribosomes. CPA’s and tails protect the mRNA from cytoplasm things (some like loose enzymes)